Review on major fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in North Africa: Bio-ecological traits and future trends

Mango is the most widely cultivated fruit tree in tropical and sub-tropical Africa. However, the sustainability of this lucrative business is threatened by infestations of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) that annually inflict heavy economic losses on the industry. The nutritional quality of different fruit species can influence the survival and fecundity of adult fruit flies. This host-insect interaction determines the species composition, distribution and abundance of the major frugivorous tephritids. The economic impact of fruit fly pest species includes direct yield losses and the loss of export markets due to quarantine restrictions implemented to prevent the entry and establishment of exotic fruit fly species in importing countries. The economically important tephritid fruit flies attacking mango in Africa can be divided into two major categories based primarily on their origin, i.e., invasive (Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera zonata and Zeugodacus cucurbitae) and indigenous species (Ceratitis anonae, Ceratitis capitata, Ceratitis catoirii, Ceratitis cosyra, Ceratitis ditissima, Ceratitis fasciventris, Ceratitis quinaria, Ceratitis rosa [recent taxonomic advances have separated C. rosa into two species; C. rosa and C. quilicii], Ceratitis silvestrii, Dacus ciliatus and some unverified records of Ceratitis punctata and Dacus bivittatus). These species are known to have a wide host range and distribution across Africa. Their distribution is also influenced by competitive interactions between native and indigenous species. The host plant status and distribution of fruit fly species is an evolving phenomenon largely due to new invasions, misidentification and identification of hitherto unknown species. For this reason this review provides the current situation but should be updated on a regular basis.

Fruit Fly Species Composition, Distribution and Host Plants with Emphasis on Mango-Infesting Species

...................................................................................................................................iii Dedication.................................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgment.......................................................................................................................v List of Tables..........................................................................................................................xiii List of Figures..........................................................................................................................xv Chapter 1. General introduction.............................................................................................1 1.1 Background.....................................................................................................................1 1.2 Cucurbit crops................................................................................................................1 1.3 Fruit flies.........................................................................................................................2 1.4 The Greater melon fly, Dacus frontalis (Becker).........................................................3 1.4.1 Taxonomy history.....................................................................................................3 1.4.2 Global distribution...................................................................................................5 1.4.3 Economic important and host plants.......................................................................5 1.4.4 Life cycle and infestation symptoms........................................................................6 1.4.5 Dacus frontalis Control strategy.............................................................................9 1.4.6 Current control in Libya..........................................................................................9 1.5 Review of integrated fruit fly management...............................................................10 1.5.1 Cultural practices..................................................................................................11 1.5.2 Attract and kill technique.......................................................................................11 1.5.3 Sterile insect technique..........................................................................................12

/pdf/entomopathogenic-fungi-as-a-biological-control-for-the-493ienejuf.pdf

Entomopathogenic fungi as a biological control for the Greater melon fly Dacus frontalis (Becker) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Identification and differentiation of the cryptic cucurbit fruit fly species Dacus frontalis, Dacus ciliatus and Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae) using PCR–RFLP for quarantine applications

This datasheet on Dacus frontalis covers Identity, Distribution, Hosts/Species Affected, Natural Enemies, Further Information.

Dacus frontalis

The pumpkin fly Dacus frontalis is reported in this paper for the first time in Tunisia, where it was found in several locations. It is a pest of cucurbits of economic importance and is common especially in the eastern and southern parts of Africa. D. frontalis was collected from infested cucumber fruits in the region of El‐Jebil (Kairouan) and female bait traps for the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata and the olive fly Bactrocera oleae. Preliminary data from Tunisia suggest that D. frontalis is already established in four regions in which cucurbits are important crops. Brief notes on the diagnostic features for the species, its ecology and geographic distribution are given. Symptoms on cucumber from Tunisia are presented.

The pumpkin fly Dacus frontalis (Diptera: Tephritidae): a new pest of curcubits in Tunisia.

A natural attractant for Ceratitis capitata developed by microencapsulation by coacervation complex with gelatin and gum arabic of the essential oil of Ruta graveolens was evaluated. Essential oil composition was analyzed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Microencapsulation efficacy was evaluated by determination of the encapsulation yield (%), encapsulation efficiency (%), optical microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and release kinetics (%). Repellent/attractant and contact toxicity tests of crude and encapsulated Ruta graveolens oil were assessed under laboratory and field conditions. GC-MS analysis indicated that 2-nonanone (36.31%) and 2-undecanone (35.92%) were the dominant compounds. Encapsulation yield was 77.06% and encapsulation efficiency was 73.33%. Optical microscopy pictures revealed spherical form particles. Results exhibited the attractant potential of crude oil (class III: moderately attractant) and that encapsulated oil accomplished better attractant performance (class IV: attractant). The encapsulated oil was also toxic to Medfly adults. Results further showed that both Ceratrap® and oil capsules were attractant under field conditions. This work supports the practice of encapsulated essential oil as natural attractant for Medfly management. 

Development of natural attractants to control the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Tephritidae) in Gafsa oasis, Tunisia

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The pumpkin fly Dacus frontalis (Diptera: Tephritidae): a new pest of curcubits in Tunisia.

Development of natural attractants to control the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Tephritidae) in Gafsa oasis, Tunisia