Very intense neutrino beams and large neutrino detectors will be needed to enable the discovery of CP violation in the leptonic sector. The European Spallation Source (ESS), currently under construction in Lund, Sweden, is a research center that will provide, by 2023, the world's most powerful neutron source. The average power will be 5 MW. Pulsing this linac at higher frequency, at the same instantaneous power, will make it possible to raise the average beam power to 10 MW to produce, in parallel with the spallation neutron production, a high performance neutrino Super Beam of about 0.4 GeV mean neutrino energy. The ESS neutrino Super Beam, ESSnuSB, operated with a 2.0 GeV linac proton beam, together with a large underground Water Cherenkov detector located at 540 km from Lund, close to the second oscillation maximum, will make it possible to discover leptonic CP violation at 5 sigma significance level in 56 percent (65 percent for an upgrade to 2.5 GeV beam energy) of the leptonic Dirac CP-violating phase range after 10 years of data taking. The paper gives an overview of the proposed facility and presents the outstanding physics reach possible for CP violation with ESSnuSB.

The opportunity offered by the ESSnuSB project to exploit the larger leptonic CP violation signal at the second oscillation maximum and the requirements of this project on the ESS accelerator complex

In the field of particle accelerators the most common use of RF cavities is to increase the particle velocity of traversing particles This feature makes them one of the core ingredients of every accelerator, and in the case of linear accelerators they are even the dominant machine component Since there are many different types of accelerator, RF cavities have been optimized for different purposes and with different abilities, eg, cavities with fixed or variable RF frequency, cavities for short or long pulses/CW operation, superconducting and normal-conducting cavities This lecture starts with a brief historical introduction and an explanation on how to get from Maxwell's equations to a simple cavity Then, cavities will be classified by the type of mode that is employed for acceleration, and an explanation is given as to why certain modes are used in particular cavity types The lecture will close with a comparison of normal versus superconducting cavities and a few words on the actual power consumption of superconducting cavities

Cavity types

Superconducting rf (SRF) technology is evolving rapidly, as are its applications. While there is active exploitation of what one may call the current state-of-the-practice, there is also rapid progress in expanding in several dimensions the accessible and useful parameter space. While state-of-the-art performance sometimes outpaces thorough understanding, the improving scientific understanding from active SRF research is clarifying routes to obtain optimum performance from present materials and opening avenues beyond the standard bulk niobium. The improving technical basis understanding is enabling process engineering to improve both performance confidence and reliability and also unit implementation costs. Increasing confidence in the technology enables the engineering of new creative application designs. We attempt to survey this landscape to highlight the potential for future accelerator applications.

Superconducting RF Technology R and D for Future Accelerator Applications

Superconducting Radio-Frequency Technology R&D for Future Accelerator Applications

Superconducting rf technology (SRF) is evolving rapidly as are its applications. While there is active exploitation of what one may term the current state-of-the-practice, there is also rapid progress expanding in several dimensions the accessible and useful parameter space. While state-of-the-art performance sometimes outpaces thorough understanding, the improving scientific understanding from active SRF research is clarifying routes to obtain optimum performance from present materials and opening avenues beyond the standard bulk niobium. The improving technical basis understanding is enabling process engineering to both improve performance confidence and reliability and also unit implementation costs. Increasing confidence in the technology enables the engineering of new creative application designs. We attempt to survey this landscape to highlight the potential for future accelerator applications.

Superconducting RF Technology R&D for Future Accelerator Applications

The potential for a superconducting proton linac (SPL) at CERN started to be seriously considered at the end of the 1990s In the first conceptual design report (CDR), published in 2000 [1], most of the 352 MHz RF equipment from LEP was re-used in an 800 m long linac, and the proton beam energy was limited to 22 GeV During the following years, the design was revisited and optimized to better match the needs of a high-power proton driver for neutrino physics The result was a more compact (470 m long) accelerator capable of delivering 5 MW of beam power at 35 GeV, using state-of-the-art superconducting RF cavities at 704 MHz It was described in a second CDR, published in 2006 [2] Soon afterwards, when preparation for increasing the luminosity of the LHC by an order of magnitude beyond nominal became an important concern, a low-power SPL (LP-SPL) was studied as a key component in the renovation of the LHC injector complex The combination of a 4 GeV LP-SPL injecting into a new 50 GeV synchrotron (PS2) was proposed to replace the ageing Linac2, PSB, and PS In a later stage, if necessary for future physics programmes (neutrino production or generation of radioactive ion beams), the linac could be brought up to multimegawatt beam power by upgrading the cooling, the electrical infrastructure, and the power supplies The construction of the low-energy front end of the LP-SPL started in 2008 as the Linac4 project [3], aimed at the replacement of Linac2, with the potential for being adapted later to the needs of a low-power or high-power SPL (HP-SPL) In parallel, the R&D on the superconducting linac continued, initially to refine the design of the LP-SPL and afterwards that of the HP-SPL This report presents the design of the LP-SPL and the work accomplished in preparing a proposal for new LHC injectors with the support of the European Commission under the Framework Programmes 6 and 7 and in collaboration with multiple laboratories and institutions worldwide The status of the R&D towards an HP-SPL is summarized

Conceptual Design of the Low-Power and High-Power SPL : A Superconducting H$^-$ Linac at CERN

During the past 2 years the Superconducting Proton Linac (SPL) study has grown into an international collaboration with the goal of optimising the architecture of a pulsed superconducting (SC) high-power proton linac. This effort includes the study and prototyping of major technical components, such as SC high-gradient cavities, power couplers, the RF distribution system, HOM couplers, cryo-modules, focusing elements, etc. Even though the effort is driven by CERN’s specific needs, the established design principles are valid for a range of SC linac projects. In this paper we report on the latest decisions concerning the machine architecture and on the ongoing R&D effort for technical components.

/pdf/layout-and-machine-optimisation-for-the-spl-at-cern-56bwys71v2.pdf

Layout and machine optimisation for the spl at cern

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Conceptual Design of the Low-Power and High-Power SPL : A Superconducting H$^-$ Linac at CERN

Layout and machine optimisation for the spl at cern