Brazilian jiu-jitsu is a grappling combat sport that has intermittency as its core element; in other words, actions of high, moderate and low intensity are interspersed during matches, requiring a high level of conditioning to support optimal levels of performance for the total match time. The athletes perform from four to six matches during a day of competition, and this number may increase if the open-class competition, which is held parallel to the competition by weight class, is considered. This systematic review examined the physical and physiological profiles of Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes. Only scientific researches dealing with the major fitness components of Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes (i.e. body composition and somatotype, aerobic and anaerobic profiles, muscular strength and power) and using accepted methods that provided relevant practical applications for a Brazilian jiu-jitsu athlete’s fitness training and/or performance were included in the current review. A computer literature search was carried out of the PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, SportDiscus and Scopus databases (up to January 2016). The database research generated 205 articles. After the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 58 studies were included for the present systematic review. A total of 1496 subjects were involved in all the selected investigations. Body fat is generally low for these athletes and the mesomorphic component is predominant. The different studies showed VO2max values between 42 and 52 mL/kg/min, and it seems that aerobic fitness does not discriminate among Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes of different competitive levels. There is a lack of scientific studies that have investigated anaerobic responses both in lower and upper limbs. Maximal dynamic, isometric and endurance strength can be associated with sporting success in Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes. Although decisive actions during Brazilian jiu-jitsu matches are mainly dependent on muscular power, more specific studies are necessary to describe it. Studies involving the female sex should be conducted. In addition, further research is needed to analyse whether there are differences between sex, belt ranks and competitive level, and among the different weight categories for different variables.

/pdf/physical-and-physiological-profiles-of-brazilian-jiu-jitsu-4ttnnsvskl.pdf

Physical and Physiological Profiles of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Athletes: a Systematic Review

Studies investigating the effects of cold-water immersion (CWI) on the recovery of athletic performance, perceptual measures and creatine kinase (CK) have reported mixed results in physically active populations.The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the effects of CWI on recovery of athletic performance, perceptual measures and CK following an acute bout of exercise in physically active populations.Systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression.A systematic search was conducted in September 2021 using Medline, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EmCare and Embase databases. Studies were included if they were peer reviewed and published in English, included participants who were involved in sport or deemed physically active, compared CWI with passive recovery methods following an acute bout of strenuous exercise and included athletic performance, athlete perception and CK outcome measures. Studies were divided into two strenuous exercise subgroups: eccentric exercise and high-intensity exercise. Random effects meta-analyses were used to determine standardised mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals. Meta-regression analyses were completed with water temperature and exposure durations as continuous moderator variables.Fifty-two studies were included in the meta-analyses. CWI improved the recovery of muscular power 24 h after eccentric exercise (SMD 0.34 [95% CI 0.06-0.62]) and after high-intensity exercise (SMD 0.22 [95% CI 0.004-0.43]), and reduced serum CK (SMD - 0.85 [95% CI - 1.61 to - 0.08]) 24 h after high-intensity exercise. CWI also improved muscle soreness (SMD - 0.89 [95% CI - 1.48 to - 0.29]) and perceived feelings of recovery (SMD 0.66 [95% CI 0.29-1.03]) 24 h after high-intensity exercise. There was no significant influence on the recovery of strength performance following either eccentric or high-intensity exercise. Meta-regression indicated that shorter time and lower temperatures were related to the largest beneficial effects on serum CK (duration and temperature dose effects) and endurance performance (duration dose effects only) after high-intensity exercise.CWI was an effective recovery tool after high-intensity exercise, with positive outcomes occurring for muscular power, muscle soreness, CK, and perceived recovery 24 h after exercise. However, after eccentric exercise, CWI was only effective for positively influencing muscular power 24 h after exercise. Dose-response relationships emerged for positively influencing endurance performance and reducing serum CK, indicating that shorter durations and lower temperatures may improve the efficacy of CWI if used after high-intensity exercise.Emma Moore is supported by a Research Training Program (Domestic) Scholarship from the Australian Commonwealth Department of Education and Training.Open Science Framework: 10.17605/OSF.IO/SRB9D. 

/pdf/impact-of-cold-water-immersion-compared-with-passive-283slx54.pdf

Impact of Cold-Water Immersion Compared with Passive Recovery Following a Single Bout of Strenuous Exercise on Athletic Performance in Physically Active Participants: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis and Meta-regression

Objectives 
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of using hyperbaric oxygen therapy during post-training recovery in jiu-jitsu athletes.


Methods 
Eleven experienced Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes were investigated during and following two training sessions of 1h30min. Using a cross-over design, the athletes were randomly assigned to passive recovery for 2 hours or to hyperbaric oxygen therapy (OHB) for the same duration. After a 7-day period, the interventions were reversed. Before, immediately after, post 2 hours and post 24 hours, blood samples were collected to examine hormone concentrations (cortisol and total testosterone) and cellular damage markers [creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)]. Moreover, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and recovery (RPR) scales were applied.


Results 
Final lactate [La] values (control: 11.9 ± 1.4 mmol/L, OHB: 10.2 ± 1.4 mmol/L) and RPE [control: 14 (13–17 a.u.), OHB: 18 (17–20 a.u.)] were not significantly different following the training sessions. Furthermore, there was no difference between any time points for blood lactate and RPE in the two experimental conditions (P>0.05). There was no effect of experimental conditions on cortisol (F1,20 = 0.1, P = 0.793, η2 = 0.00, small), total testosterone (F1,20 = 0.03, P = 0.877, η2 = 0.00, small), CK (F1,20 = 0.1, P = 0.759, η2 = 0.01, small), AST (F1,20 = 0.1, P = 0.761, η2 = 0.01, small), ALT (F1,20 = 0.0, P = 0.845, η2 = 0.00, small) or LDH (F1,20 = 0.7, P = 0.413, η2 = 0.03, small). However, there was a difference between the two experimental conditions in RPR with higher values at post 2 h and 24 h in OHB when compared to the control condition (P<0.05).


Conclusions 
Thus, it can be concluded that OHB exerts no influence on the recovery of hormonal status or cellular damage markers. Nonetheless, greater perceived recovery, potentially due to the placebo effect, was evident following the OHB condition.

/pdf/the-effects-of-hyperbaric-oxygen-therapy-on-post-training-6nbbdlr4ph.pdf

The effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on post-training recovery in jiu-jitsu athletes

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the effects of cold-water immersion (cryotherapy) on indices of muscle damage following a bout of prolonged intermittent exercise. Twenty males (mean age 22.3 years, s = 3.3; height 1.80 m, s = 0.05; body mass 83.7 kg, s = 11.9) completed a 90-min intermittent shuttle run previously shown to result in marked muscle damage and soreness. After exercise, participants were randomly assigned to either 10 min cold-water immersion (mean 10°C, s = 0.5) or a non-immersion control group. Ratings of perceived soreness, changes in muscular function and efflux of intracellular proteins were monitored before exercise, during treatment, and at regular intervals up to 7 days post-exercise. Exercise resulted in severe muscle soreness, temporary muscular dysfunction, and elevated serum markers of muscle damage, all peaking within 48 h after exercise. Cryotherapy administered immediately after exercise reduced muscle soreness at 1, 24, and 48 h (P < 0.05). Decrements in isometric maximal voluntary contraction of the knee flexors were reduced after cryotherapy treatment at 24 (mean 12%, s x = 4) and 48 h (mean 3%, s x = 3) compared with the control group (mean 21%, s x = 5 and mean 14%, s x = 5 respectively; P < 0.05). Exercise-induced increases in serum myoglobin concentration and creatine kinase activity peaked at 1 and 24 h, respectively (P < 0.05). Cryotherapy had no effect on the creatine kinase response, but reduced myoglobin 1 h after exercise (P < 0.05). The results suggest that cold-water immersion immediately after prolonged intermittent shuttle running reduces some indices of exercise-induced muscle damage.

Influence of cold water immersion on indices of muscle damage following prolonged intermittent shuttle-running exercise

The aim of this study was to analyze physiological responses in Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) athletes during matches of varied duration. To this end, 10 athletes (age: 29±5 years, body mass: 77.5±6.3 kg, body fat: 10.0±5.2%, systematic BJJ practice: 10±2 years) were analyzed in matches of varied duration (2-min, 5-min, 8-min and 10-min). Blood collection was performed to determine energetic demands, hormonal responses and muscle damage. The main results showed that a longer duration of combat generated higher lactate (p<.001) and glucose (p=.004) concentrations. However, when the data were corrected for the effort time, higher lactate concentrations (p<.001) and higher heart rates (p<.001) were found for shorter combats. No changes were observed regarding insulin (p=.870), triglycerides (p=.219), total cholesterol (p=.170), albumin (p=.060) and urea (p=.772) values. For markers of muscle damage, no alterations were detected for creatine kinase (p=.401). However, evidence of muscle damage was found, as increased lactate desidrogenase (p=.012) and creatinine (p=.002) concentrations were observed, particularly in longer matches. Thus, it is concluded that different combat times have a direct influence on the physiological, hormonal and metabolic responses.

/pdf/metabolic-muscle-damage-and-heart-rate-responses-in-56sl0016pf.pdf

Metabolic, muscle damage and heart rate responses in Brazilian jiu-jitsu matches of varied duration

Objetive The acute effects of cryotherapy on creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) expression, perceived pain and upper limb muscle strength in jiu-jitsu competitors were investigated. Method Ten highly trained athletes underwent two simulated competition sessions composed by four 7-minute combats with a 15-minute interval between them. Athletes were randomly allocated to receive either cold water immersion (5 ± 1 °C for 19 minutes) or no intervention (control) after competition simulation in a crossover counterbalanced fashion. Results For LDH, there was an effect of condition (F 1,18 = 7.91, P = 0.012; η 2  = 0.31), with lower values being found in cryotherapy as compared to control (criotherapy = 533.2 ± 55.4 and 671.2 ± 61.0 for pre-competition and post-recuperation, respectively; control = 528.5 ± 63.7 e 759.8 ± 85.7 UI/l for pre-competition and post-recuperation, respectively). Delta CPK differed significantly between conditions (criotherapy = 138.0 ± 95.1 UI/l; control = 231.3 ± 135.8 UI/l t = -1,72; P = 0,119; effect size = 0.75). For perceived pain there was also an effect of condition (F 1,18 = 12.35, P = 0.003; η 2 = 0.41), with lower values being found following cryotherapy (2.4 ± 1.4 versus 4.4 ± 1.8, P = 0.003). Pre-competition skin temperature was lower than that measured after recovery (34.5 ± 1.9 °C. versus 37.6 ± 1.3 °C, P = 0.0005). There were significant correlations between perceived pain and CPK (r = 0.314) and LDH (r = 0.546). The concentrations of CPK and LDH were negatively correlated with dynamic strength (r =  0.525). Conclusion Recovery via cold water immersion after simulated competition resulted in less muscle damage and hypoalgesia compared to the control.

https://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/ramd/v7n1/original2.pdf

Influence of cryotherapy on muscle damage markers in jiu-jitsu fighters after competition: a cross-over study

Objetivo. Investigar los efectos agudos de la crioterapia en la expresion de la enzima creatina fosfoquinasa (CPK), lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH), percepcion del dolor y fuerza muscular en los miembros superiores de competidores de jiu-jitsu. Metodo. Diez luchadores altamente entrenados fueron sometidos a dos sesiones de competicion simulada (4 × 7-minutos y 15 minutos de intervalo). Despues del primer dia, cinco atletas fueron elegidos para la inmersion en piscina con hielo (5 ± 1 °C) durante 19 minutos, los demas fueron asignados al grupo control. Resultados. Para LDH se observo efecto de la condicion (F1,18 = 7,91, P = 0,012; η2 = 0,31) con valores mas bajos (P = 0,012) en la crioterapia en comparacion con el control (crioterapia = 533,2 ± 55,4 y 671,2 ± 61,0, respectivamente para inicial y final; control = 528,5 ± 63,7 y 759,8 ± 85,7 UI/l; respectivamente para inicial y final). El delta del CPK fue significativamente distinto entre las condiciones (crioterapia = 138,0 ± 95,1 UI/l; t = -1,72; P = 0,119; control = 231,3 ± 135,8 UI/l; tamano del efecto = 0,75). Para el dolor percibido tambien hubo efecto de la condicion (F1,18 = 12,35, P = 0,003; η2 = 0,41) con valores mas bajos (P = 0,003) en la crioterapia (2,4 ± 1,4 frente a 4,4 ± 1,8). La temperatura corporal posrecuperacion fue mas baja en grupo crioterapia (P = 0,005) que la obtenida despues en el control (34,5 ± 1,9oC frente a 37,6 ± 1,3oC). Se encontro correlacion significativa entre la percepcion del dolor y las concentraciones de CPK (r = 0,314) y LDH (r = 0,546). Las concentraciones de CPK y LDH se correlacionaron negativamente con la fuerza dinamica (r = - 0,525). Conclusion. La recuperacion usando la inmersion despues de la competicion resulta de un menor dano muscular e hipoalgesia.

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Influence of cryotherapy on muscle damage markers in jiu-jitsu fighters after competition: a cross-over study

Influence of cryotherapy on muscle damage markers in jiu-jitsu fighters after competition: a cross-over study