A review of water quality concerns in livestock farming areas.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the development of management programs that meet the increasing demand for poultry products, while minimizing the environmental effects of poultry wastes on soils, crops, surface waters, and groundwaters. A description of the types and compositions of poultry wastes, and a review of recent research addressing the agricultural and environmental aspects of poultry waste management are discussed in the chapter. Effective environmental management of any poultry waste begins with an understanding of its composition and the physical, chemical, and microbiological reactions that control the fate of potential pollutants in the waste following land application. The three most common poultry wastes are poultry manure or poultry litter, dissolved air flotation (DAF) sludge originating from poultry processing plants, and composts produced from hatchery wastes and dead birds. The major poultry production operations include broiler chickens, turkeys, and eggs. Two types of confinement housing are commonly used for poultry operations: caged pit systems and floor/litter systems. Land application of animal waste is an important management practice to recycle nutrients, to improve or maintain soil fertility, and to improve soil biological and physical properties. The components of an effective waste management program for the agricultural use of organic wastes include site selection; production and collection; storage, handling, and treatment; transfer and application; and utilization.

Poultry Waste Management: Agricultural and Environmental Issues

Soil phosphorus dynamics: agronomic and environmental impacts

Impacts of animal manure management on ground and surface water quality.

In many areas with confined animal operations, continual manure application has increased soil P above amounts sufficient for optimum crop yields. In these areas, it is of economic and environmental importance to determine how long high-P soils will remain above crop sufficiency and identify soils where P contents would decrease most rapidly under similar management conditions. Thus, the surface 5 cm of 23 high-P soils (85-419 mg kg -1 Mehlich-3 P) in Oklahoma and Texas, which had received beef feedlot, poultry, or swine manure (90-1880 kg P ha -1 yr -1 for up to 35 yr) were successively extracted with Fe-oxide-impregnated paper strips to investigate residual soil P availability. A decrease in strip P with successive extractions followed the equation: Strip P = a(extraction number) -b (r 2 of 0.88-0.98). The rate of P release to strips (exponent b) decreased more rapidly as soil P sorption saturation increased (R 2 of 0.79). Phosphorus saturation also accounted for 85% of the variation in the total amount of P released to strips from manured soils in 15 successive extractions (51-572 mg kg - 1). Fractionation of soil P before and after strip extraction showed bicarbonate inorganic P contributed most of the P released to strips (46%). The above equation also described soil P release in several published field studies (r 2 of 0.77-0.98). Thus, successive strip extraction of soil has the potential to describe soil factors controlling the availability of residual P and identify soils where high P contents may be less buffered and, thus, decrease more rapidly than others under similar management conditions.

/pdf/availability-of-residual-phosphorus-in-manured-soils-214od5xpvr.pdf

Availability of Residual Phosphorus in Manured Soils

Impact of long-term swine and poultry manure application on soil and water resources in Eastern Oklahoma.

Body-mounted accelerometers provide a new prospect for estimating power use in flying birds, as the signal varies with the two major kinematic determinants of aerodynamic power: wingbeat frequency and amplitude. Yet wingbeat frequency is sometimes used as a proxy for power output in isolation. There is therefore a need to understand which kinematic parameter birds vary and whether this is predicted by flight mode (e.g., accelerating, ascending/descending flight), speed or morphology. We investigate this using high-frequency acceleration data from (i) 14 species flying in the wild, (ii) two species flying in controlled conditions in a wind tunnel and (iii) a review of experimental and field studies. While wingbeat frequency and amplitude were positively correlated, R2 values were generally low, supporting the idea that parameters can vary independently. Indeed, birds were more likely to modulate wingbeat amplitude for more energy-demanding flight modes, including climbing and take-off. Nonetheless, the striking variability even within species and flight types, highlights the complexity of describing the kinematic relationships, which appear sensitive to both the biological and physical context. Notwithstanding this acceleration metrics that incorporate both kinematic parameters should be more robust proxies for power than wingbeat frequency alone.

The role of wingbeat frequency and amplitude in flight power

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Impact of long-term swine and poultry manure application on soil and water resources in Eastern Oklahoma.

The role of wingbeat frequency and amplitude in flight power