Post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a decline in cognitive function from pre-operative levels, which has been frequently described after cardiac surgery. The purpose of this study was to examine the variability in the measurement and definitions for POCD using the framework of a 1995 Consensus Statement on measurement of POCD. Electronic medical literature databases were searched for the intersection of the search terms 'thoracic surgery' and 'cognition, dementia, and neuropsychological test.' Abstracts were reviewed independently by two reviewers. English articles with >50 participants published since 1995 that performed pre-operative and post-operative psychometric testing in patients undergoing cardiac surgery were reviewed. Data relevant to the measurement and definition of POCD were abstracted and compared with the recommendations of the Consensus Statement. Sixty-two studies of POCD in patients undergoing cardiac surgery were identified. Of these studies, the recommended neuropsychological tests were carried out in less than half of the studies. The cognitive domains measured most frequently were attention (n=56; 93%) and memory (n=57; 95%); motor skills were measured less frequently (n=36; 60%). Additionally, less than half of the studies examined anxiety and depression, performed neurological exam, or accounted for learning. Four definitions of POCD emerged: per cent decline (n=15), standard deviation decline (n=14), factor analysis (n=13), and analysis of performance on individual tests (n=12). There is marked variability in the measurement and definition of POCD. This heterogeneity may impede progress by reducing the ability to compare studies on the causes and treatment of POCD.

Measurement of post-operative cognitive dysfunction after cardiac surgery: a systematic review.

Background Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is known to improve heart function and quality of life, while rates of surgery-related mortality are low. However, delirium and cognitive decline are common complications. We sought to identify preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative risk or protective factors associated with delirium and cognitive decline (across time) in patients undergoing CABG. Methods and Results We conducted a systematic search of Medline, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and Cochrane (March 26, 2019) for peer-reviewed, English publications reporting post-CABG delirium or cognitive decline data, for at least one risk factor. Random-effects meta-analyses estimated pooled odds ratio for categorical data and mean difference or standardized mean difference for continuous data. Ninety-seven studies, comprising data from 60 479 patients who underwent CABG, were included. Moderate to large and statistically significant risk factors for delirium were as follows: (1) preoperative cognitive impairment, depression, stroke history, and higher European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) score, (2) intraoperative increase in intubation time, and (3) postoperative presence of arrythmia and increased days in the intensive care unit; higher preoperative cognitive performance was protective for delirium. Moderate to large and statistically significant risk factors for acute cognitive decline were as follows: (1) preoperative depression and older age, (2) intraoperative increase in intubation time, and (3) postoperative presence of delirium and increased days in the intensive care unit. Presence of depression preoperatively was a moderate risk factor for midterm (1-6 months) post-CABG cognitive decline. Conclusions This meta-analysis identified several key risk factors for delirium and cognitive decline following CABG, most of which are nonmodifiable. Future research should target preoperative risk factors, such as depression or cognitive impairment, which are potentially modifiable. Registration URL: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prosp​ero/; Unique identifier: CRD42020149276.

/pdf/risk-factors-for-delirium-and-cognitive-decline-following-340ms5wfv2.pdf

Risk Factors for Delirium and Cognitive Decline Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

Hypothermia during cardiac surgery.

Physical and psychosocial functioning of women and men after coronary artery bypass surgery

Cognitive Outcomes After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.

• BACKGROUND Some studies have indicated a decline in patients’ cognitive performance after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. • OBJECTIVE To evaluate cognitive performance before and after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. • METHODS Patients’ cognitive performance before and after coronary artery bypass graft surgery was evaluated in a prospective observational multicenter study in 5 academic medical centers. A total of 242 men and 123 women were evaluated before surgery; 333 men and 216 women, 5 to 11 months after surgery (197 men and 99 women were evaluated both before and after surgery). Verbal ability, attention/concentration, logical/verbal and visual memory, and facial recognition were measured. Data on demographic, medical, and psychosocial characteristics also were collected. • RESULTS After surgery, patients’ overall performance improved (P < .001) for attention/concentration, verbal fluency, and logical/verbal memory. Patients with more education (high school or greater) performed better on each test (P < .001) than did patients with less education. No strong effects of sex or age on cognitive performance were observed before or after surgery, and no important differences in sex, age, or education were associated with changes in scores from before to after surgery. • CONCLUSION On average, cognitive performance improved rather than declined after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The improvements were consistent across sex, age, and education. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2006;15:471-479)

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery and Cognitive Performance

Rationale: 'Cardiac Effort' (CE), the total number of heart beats used during the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) divided by walk distance (beats/m), improves reproducibility in the 6MWT and correlates with right ventricular function in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic made in-office 6MWT challenging. We aimed to determine 1) whether a chestbased accelerometer could estimate 6MWT distance in the clinic and remotely;2) the reproducibility of CE measured during a remote 6MWT;and 3) the safety of remote 6MWT. We also compared measures of heart rate (HR) derived from electrocardiogram (ECG) and wrist-based photoplethysmography (PPG) during the 6MWT in PAH. Methods: This was a singlecenter, prospective observational study with IRB approval completed October 2020-April 2021. Group 1 PAH subjects on stable therapy for >90 days completed 4-6 total 6MWT during a 2 week period to assess reproducibility;we anticipated no clinical change during this short interval. The first and last 6MWT were performed in the clinic;2-4 remote 6MWT were completed at participant's discretion. Participants did not wear masks but did wear the MC10 Biostamp nPoint sensors to measure ECG HR and accelerometry. Two blinded readers estimated 6MWT distance using raw accelerometry data. We measured PPG HR with a wrist Nonin 3150 pulse oximeter during clinic 6MWT only. Averages of clinic variables and remote variables were used for paired Student's t test, Bland-Altman Plot, or Pearson correlation. Results: We enrolled 20 participants: 80% female;60% connective tissue disease;and 65% on initial combination therapy with ambrisentan and tadalafil. There was a wide range in baseline, clinicperformed 6MWT distance (220 -570 m). The median length of the remote 'hallway' was 40 ft. For clinic walks, there was 0.10% average difference between the directly observed and Biostamp accelerometry-estimated 6MWT distance with a strong correlation of r=0.99, p<0.0001 (figure 1). The 6MWT distance estimated using Biostamp in the clinic was greater than what was estimated remotely, 405 m vs. 389 m, p=0.007. There was no clear difference between clinic or remote CE, 1.83 beats/m vs 1.93 beats/m, p=0.14, or Borg Dyspnea Index, 3.5 vs 3.4, p=0.35. There were no safety concerns. PPG undercounted total HR expenditure during 6MWT compared to Biostamp (629 vs 719, p<0.0001). Conclusion: Remote 6MWT was feasible, appeared safe, and 6MWT distance was shorter than clinic distance. CE calculated by ECG HR and accelerometer-estimated distance provides a reproducible remote assessment of exercise tolerance, comparable to the clinic measured value. (Figure Presented).

Cardiac Effort Provides a Reproducible Remote Assessment of 6-Minute Walk Test

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Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery and Cognitive Performance

Cardiac Effort Provides a Reproducible Remote Assessment of 6-Minute Walk Test