Periosteal Skeletal Stem and Progenitor Cells in Bone Regeneration

Vitamin D (VD) deficiency is a hallmark of obesity and vascular dysfunction. We sought to test the hypothesis that VD deficiency may contribute to obesity-related vascular dysfunction by inducing adipokine hypomethylation and augmented expression. To this end, we collected blood and adipose tissues (ATs) from a cohort of 77 obese participants who were classified as having mild, moderate, or severe VD deficiency. The body composition, vascular reactivity, cardiometabolic profiles, and DNA methylation of 94 inflammation-related adipokines were measured. Our results show that higher degrees of VD deficiency were associated with lower DNA methylation and induced the expression of inflammatory adipokines such as B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6), C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 (CXCL8), histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5), interleukin 12A (IL12A), and nuclear factor κB (NFκB) in the ATs. They were also associated with higher BMI and total and visceral fat mass, impaired insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles, AT hypoxia, and higher concentrations of circulating inflammatory markers. Moderate and severe VD deficiency correlated with impaired vasoreactivity of the brachial artery and AT-isolated arterioles, reduced nitric oxide generation, and increased arterial stiffness. In a multivariate regression analysis, the VD deficiency level strongly predicted the adipokine methylation score, systemic inflammation, and microvascular dysfunction. In conclusion, our findings suggest that VD deficiency is a possible contributor to obesity-related adipokine hypomethylation, inflammation, and vascular dysfunction.

/pdf/obesity-associated-vitamin-d-deficiency-correlates-with-3oacfqq7.pdf

Obesity-Associated Vitamin D Deficiency Correlates with Adipose Tissue DNA Hypomethylation, Inflammation, and Vascular Dysfunction

Platelets are the reservoir of growth factors and play a major role in several physiological processes such as coagulation, angiogenesis, immune response, and tissue repair. Platelet concentrates are broadly classified into two depending on their fibrin content: platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF). They are further divided based on leucocyte contents. PRP is plasma containing supra-physiological concentrations of platelets. The growth factors present in the PRP play a crucial role in promoting local angiogenesis, regulating cellular activity, stem cell homing, proliferation and differentiation of different stem cells, and deposition of matrix proteins contributing to tissue regeneration. This review aims to establish the therapeutic potential of PRP in canine medicine with a particular focus on the applications in ophthalmology, dermatology, and musculoskeletal disorders. A systematic literature review was performed to identify literature during the past 20 years (2001-2021) using authentic academic databases, such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Scopus. The initial search identified 556 articles, and based on the specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, 59 articles were selected for further analysis. The clinical efficacy of PRP depends on the number of platelets and the growth factor concentration. PRP-based biological therapy has broad clinical applications in musculoskeletal pathologies. It is a simple, safe, and cost-effective method that can be used to treat various diseases and disorders in canine practice. For example, PRP is used for managing corneal ulcers, corneal erosion, alkali burn, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, burn wounds, chronic wounds, cutaneous ulcers, acute traumatic bone fractures, tendinopathies, cartilage pathologies, osteoarthritis, and abdominal wall defects either as monotherapy or as an adjunctive therapeutic agent. In addition, PRP is widely used as a carrier of mesenchymal stem cells for transplanting into bone defects. Therefore, Allogeneic PRP therapy can be considered a simple, safe, and cost-effective method to treat various diseases and disorders in canine practice. The therapeutic application of PRP in canine medicine is limited in the present scenario due to the lack of consensus for collection, characterization, and clinical use. However, further studies are required to establish the actual worth of PRP-based regenerative strategies in canine medicine.

https://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/article_124879_97fab96e3cc882ca1706cff37161d9ec.pdf

Therapeutic Potential of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Canine Medicine

Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone characterized by progressive inflammatory destruction and apposition of new bone that can spread via the hematogenous route (hematogenous osteomyelitis (HO)), contiguous spread (contiguous osteomyelitis (CO)), and direct inoculation (osteomyelitis associated with peripheral vascular insufficiency (PVI)). Given the significant financial burden posed by osteomyelitis patient management, the development of new preventive and treatment methods is warranted. To achieve this objective, implementing animal models (AMs) of infection such as rats, mice, rabbits, avians, dogs, sheep, goats, and pigs might be of the essence. This review provides a literature analysis of the AMs developed and used to study osteomyelitis. Historical relevance and clinical applicability were taken into account to choose the best AMs, and some study methods are briefly described. Furthermore, the most significant strengths and limitations of each species as AM are discussed, as no single model incorporates all features of osteomyelitis. HO’s clinical manifestation results in extreme variability between patients due to multiple variables (e.g., age, sex, route of infection, anatomical location, and concomitant diseases) that could alter clinical studies. However, these variables can be controlled and tested through different animal models.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/6/1135/pdf?version=1654163423

A Journey into Animal Models of Human Osteomyelitis: A Review

Advances and prospects of platelet-rich plasma therapy in veterinary ophthalmology

Background and Aim Adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) contains a heterogeneous cell population comprising multipotent adipose-derived stem cells. Regenerative therapy using adipose-derived SVF has broad applications in bone tissue engineering due to the superior osteogenic potential of SVF. This study was designed to standardize and characterize adipose-derived SVF obtained from New Zealand white rabbits for bone tissue engineering and other potential applications. Materials and Methods Ten skeletally mature and clinically healthy adult New Zealand white rabbits were used in this study. The SVF was prepared using surgically resected interscapular adipose tissue following enzymatic digestion with 0.1% collagenase type I solution. The SVF pellet obtained after the final centrifugation step was suspended in a 0.5 mL control solution to obtain ready-to-use adipose-derived SVF. The freshly prepared SVF was characterized based on the total SVF cell count and cell yield per gram of adipose tissue. The SVF cells were enumerated using a hemocytometer. Results Interscapular adipose tissue depots are ideal for preparing autologous adipose-derived SVF due to the ease of access. The interscapular adipose-derived SVF prepared by enzymatic digestion had an average cell yield of 3.15±0.09×106 cells/g adipose tissue. Freshly prepared SVF had a total cell count of 3.15±0.09×104 cells/μL. Conclusion The enzymatic digestion of adipose tissue using 0.1% collagenase resulted in better cell yield per gram than methods previously reported in rabbits. The use of adipose-derived SVF can preclude the requirement for an additional culture period. In addition, it may also reduce the risk of extensive cell contamination, which makes it a safe and cost-effective strategy for bone tissue engineering applications.

/pdf/standardization-and-characterization-of-adipose-derived-5bb1x77oq3.pdf

Standardization and characterization of adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction from New Zealand white rabbits for bone tissue engineering.

Background and aim The currently available atrophic non-union models rely on wide segmental excision of bone diaphysis to impede the process of healing but lack resemblance to the clinical scenario. The present study focused on developing an in vivo model of atrophic non-union fracture in rabbit radius that can replicate the clinical scenario. Materials and methods The atrophic non-union fracture model was developed by creating a 10 mm segmental bone defect in the radial diaphysis of five adult New Zealand White rabbits. The periosteum (2 mm) of the cut bone ends was cauterized using electrocautery to induce atrophy. Atrophic non-union was confirmed using radiographic and histologic evaluations on 30th postoperative day. Results The radiographic signs of healing were completely absent in all the rabbits on 30th postoperative day, indicating inert bone ends. Histological findings further confirmed the presence of inert bone ends, indicating the development of atrophic non-union. Conclusion The combination of the segmental bone defect, electrocautery induced thermal damage of bone end periosteum, and delayed treatment can induce the development of atrophic non-union fracture model in rabbits that can replicate the clinical scenario.

Development of a novel atrophic non-union model in rabbits: A preliminary study.

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a category of platelet concentrate that has been widely used as a therapeutic modality in musculoskeletal medicine. The present study was conducted to classify and cod...

Classification and coding of platelet-rich plasma derived from New Zealand white rabbits for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.

| Canine oral papillomatosis is a viral disease that commonly affects young dogs. A six-month-old male German shepherd dog was presented with a history of progressively developed nodular growth in the lip, gingiva and tongue. All physical parameters were found to be normal. The animal was pre-medicated using atropine, butorphanol and diazepam as per the standard pre-anesthetic protocol. General anaesthesia was induced using ketamine hydrochloride. General maintenance was provided using Ketamine-diazepam mixture and the nodular masses were removed using a combination of surgical excision and electrocautery. Post-operatively, the animal was treated with antibiotics for five days and anti-inflammatory drugs for three days. Excised tissue samples were processed and subjected to standard histopathological examination. Histopathologic examination revealed a diffuse epidermal hyperplasia, marked neovascularization, koilocytes with clear perinuclear vacuolization and keratinocytes with keratohyalin granules. The findings were suggestive of canine oral papilloma virus induced papillomatosis. The animal made an uneventful recovery without any recurrence. This paper describes the successful surgical management of canine oral papillomatosis without any recurrence and its peculiar histopathological findings.

Oral Papillomatosis in a Dog: Surgical Management and Histopathological Findings

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Standardization and characterization of adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction from New Zealand white rabbits for bone tissue engineering.

Development of a novel atrophic non-union model in rabbits: A preliminary study.

Classification and coding of platelet-rich plasma derived from New Zealand white rabbits for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.

Oral Papillomatosis in a Dog: Surgical Management and Histopathological Findings