The anisotropy of deformations in potassium acid phthalate crystals arising under the action of an external electric field up to 1 kV mm−1 applied along the [001] polar axis was studied using X-ray diffraction methods at room temperature. Electrical conductivity was measured and rocking curves for reflections 400, 070 and 004 were obtained by time-resolved X-ray diffractometry in Laue and Bragg geometries. Two saturation processes were observed from the time dependences of the electrical conductivity. A shift in the diffraction peaks and a change in their intensity were found, which indicated a deformation of the crystal structure. Rapid piezoelectric deformation and reversible relaxation-like deformation, kinetically similar to the electrical conductivity of a crystal, were revealed. The deformation depended on the polarity and strength of the applied field. The deformation was more noticeable in the [100] direction and was practically absent in the [001] direction of the applied field. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a disordered arrangement of potassium atoms, i.e. additional positions and vacancies. The heights of potential barriers between the positions of K+ ions and the paths of their possible migration in the crystal structure of potassium acid phthalate were determined. The data obtained by time-resolved X-ray diffractometry and X-ray structure analysis, along with additional electrophysical measurements, allow the conclusion that the migration of charge carriers (potassium cations) leads to lateral deformation of the crystal structure of potassium phthalate in an external electric field.

Lateral deformations of a crystal of potassium acid phthalate in an external electric field

An experimental setup for demonstrating the Bragg diffraction of light by a 2D-photon structure (two-dimensional photon crystal) is described. The conditions for formation of the optical Laue X-ray diffraction pattern are considered for the light reflected from the surface of the photon crystal. The procedure for determining the lattice spacing of the photon crystal from its optical Laue X-ray diffraction pattern is described. The lattice spacing data of the photon crystal with a hexagonal close-packed structure are obtained.

Demonstration of the Bragg diffraction of light by a 2D-photon structure

Conditions for the formation in photonic crystals of spatially ordered optical structures with ultrasound-modulated refractive indices are considered It is shown that when standing ultrasound waves are excited in a medium, a structure consisting of trajectories of separate light beams, which is a superlattice of the dynamic photonic crystal, is created Possible application areas of these structures are discussed

Photonic crystals with refractive index, modulated by ultrasound

The effect of ultrasonic deformation on the inelastic behavior of potassium hydrogen phthalate single-crystal samples with different crystallographic orientations at frequencies of ∼105 Hz has been investigated. It has been shown that the inelastic behavior of potassium hydrogen phthalate single crystals during the ultrasonic deformation is determined not by the dislocation mechanisms. It has been found that the main mechanism responsible for energy losses of mechanical vibrations in these crystals is the mechanism of ionicrelaxation polarization. The characteristic relaxation times of this process have been determined and varied in the range from 10–8 to 10–7 s.

Inelastic behavior of potassium hydrogen phthalate single crystals under ultrasonic deformation

The conditions of the formation of a spatially ordered optical structure with an ultrasound-modulated refractive index in a gradient medium have been considered. It has been shown that the excitation of a standing ultrasonic wave in the medium creates a structure consisting of trajectories of separate light beams, which is a superlattice of the “dynamic 4D photonic crystal.” Regions corresponding to negative light refraction have been revealed in beam trajectories. Possible fields of application of such structures have been discussed.

Negative light refraction in a gradient medium with ultrasound-modulated refractive index

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Photonic crystals with refractive index, modulated by ultrasound

Inelastic behavior of potassium hydrogen phthalate single crystals under ultrasonic deformation

Negative light refraction in a gradient medium with ultrasound-modulated refractive index