Chromium (Cr) has been studied since the end of the 19 th century, when carcinogenic effects of hexavalent Cr were discovered. Essentiality of trivalent Cr was demonstrated in 1959; Cr 3+ has been studied in humans and laboratory animals since the 1970s and it is only since the 1990s that Cr has been studied as an essen- tial element in livestock animals with the same intensity. Trivalent chromium is essential to normal carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. Chromium is biologically active as part of an oligopeptide - chromodulin - poten- tiating the effect of insulin by facilitating insulin binding to receptors at the cell surface. With chromium acting as a cofactor of insulin, Cr activity in the organism is parallel to insulin functions. Cr absorption is low, ranging between 0.4 and 2.0% for inorganic compounds while the availability of organic Cr is more than 10 times higher. Absorbed Cr circulates in blood bound to the β-globulin plasma fraction and is transported to tissues bound to transferrin. Absorbed Cr is excreted primarily in urine, by glomerular filtration; a small amount is excreted through perspiration, bile and in milk. The demand for Cr has been growing as a result of factors commonly referred to as stressors, especially during different forms of nutritional, metabolic and physical strain. This review describes Cr metabolism, the different biological functions of Cr and symptoms of Cr deficiency.

/pdf/chromium-as-an-essential-nutrient-a-review-22s1txyr0z.pdf

Chromium as an essential nutrient: a review

Chromium propionate enhances insulin sensitivity in growing cattle

With the increase in the global herd, the use of metabolic modifiers has become an important area for many researchers looking for a supraphysiological diet to improve production parameters. For improving the performance of high yielding cows, the optimal balance of all nutrients including microminerals is important. Chromium (Cr) is one of the important micronutrients which plays an important role in metabolism of ruminants. Experimental studies have found that Cr could change performance, immune responses, glucose and fatty acid metabolism, and antioxidant status in dairy cows. In some studies, Cr supplementation improved dry matter intake, milk production, and milk composition of dairy cows in the early, mid, or late stage of lactation. Also, in some studies, performance of growing animal, immune response, and some blood parameters responded positively to Cr supplementation. In conclusion, the effects of Cr supplementation on performance of ruminants are inconsistent; however, its long-term effects on health, productivity, immune system, and antioxidant activity of ruminants still need to be investigated.

A Review on the Role of Chromium Supplementation in Ruminant Nutrition—Effects on Productive Performance, Blood Metabolites, Antioxidant Status, and Immunocompetence

This paper provides an overview of research that has been conducted with manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and boron (B) in poultry, swine, and ruminants. Manganese is an essential trace mineral that functions as an enzyme component and enzyme activator. A deficiency of Mn results in a variety of bone abnormalities, and Mn deficiency signs have been observed under practical conditions in poultry and cattle. Chromium can potentiate the action of insulin, but whether Cr is an essential trace mineral is controversial. Insulin sensitivity has been enhanced by Cr in cattle, swine, and broilers. Responses to Cr supplementation have been variable. Production responses to Cr supplementation have been most consistent in animals exposed to various stressors (heat, cold, weaning, etc). The legality of supplementing Cr to animal diets varies among countries, Cr sources, and animal species. A specific biochemical function for Ni and B has not been identified in mammals. Signs of Ni deficiency have been produced experimentally in a number of animal species. Nickel may affect rumen microbial fermentation in ruminants, as Ni is a component of bacterial urease and cofactor F430 in methanogenic bacteria. There is little evidence that dietary Ni limits animal production under practical conditions. Beneficial effects of B supplementation on growth and bone strength have been seen in poultry and swine, but results have been variable.

Boron, Chromium, Manganese, and Nickel in Agricultural Animal Production.

Static renewal exposure of various sublethal concentrations of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] produced a deleterious eff ect on some hematological and biochemical parameters of Cyprinus carpio with the increase in concentration of metal. C. carpio breeders (W = 500 ± 9.5 g; L = 25.60 ± 2.6 cm) were randomly divided into the control group (n = 33) and treated group (n = 198), with 11 breeders/tank (8.84 m3). Th e groups were distributed into tanks containing 1 of 7 sublethal concentrations of Cr(VI) (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 mg/L), with 3 replicates per concentration for 6 months. Monthly Cr(VI) levels in the water were determined with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Th e Cr(VI) induced a signifi cant increase (P < 0.05) in white blood cells, mean corpuscular volume, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and acid phosphatase, indicating anemia. However, red blood cells, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, glucose, protein, and cholesterol decreased signifi cantly (P < 0.05) with the increase in Cr(VI) concentrations from 25 to 150 mg/L. Th e actual Cr(VI) concentration varied from 36 to 118 μg/L in the tanks exposed to concentrations from 25 to 150 mg/L. Th e increasing trend was probably due to the toxic eff ects of the Cr(VI) and activation of the fi sh immune system to resist against metallic stress and liver damage. Th e decreasing trend refl ected retarded and deteriorated fi sh health along with severe hemolysis.

/pdf/assessment-of-chromium-toxicity-in-cyprinus-carpio-through-im4zg14e0e.pdf

Assessment of chromium toxicity in Cyprinus carpio through hematological and biochemical blood markers

Effect of chromium supplementation and copper status on glucose and lipid metabolism in Angus and Simmental beef cows

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Effect of chromium supplementation and copper status on glucose and lipid metabolism in Angus and Simmental beef cows