Geological controls on the methane storage capacity in organic-rich shales

Lakes and lake deposits present two fundamental paradoxes: (1) Modern lakes are vastly complicated, but the rock records of lakes are relatively simple; extensive observations reveal three distinct facies associations of common and widespread occurrence. These are referred to here as fluvial-lacustrine, fluctuating profundal, and evaporative facies associations. (2) Most explanations of modern and ancient lakes attribute their nature to climate, but neither modern lake parameters (lake size, depth, and salinity) nor the character of ancient-lake strata (thickness, extent, lithology) correlate with measured or inferred climatic humidity. We propose that it is the relative balance of rates of potential accommodation (mostly tectonic) with sediment + water fill (mostly a function of climate) that controls lake occurrence, distribution, and character. Lake basins may be termed overfilled, balanced fill, or underfilled, depending on the balance between these rates. We conclude that climate and tectonics exert coequal influence on lake deposits at both mesoscales (1 m to hundreds of meters) and macroscales (hundreds to thousands of meters).

http://www.geology.wisc.edu/~carroll/publications/pdf/Carroll%20and%20Bohacs,%201999.pdf

Stratigraphic classification of ancient lakes: Balancing tectonic and climatic controls

Shale resource systems have had a dramatic impact on the supply of oil and especially gas in North America, in fact, making the United States energy independent in natural gas reserves. These shale resource systems are typically organic-rich mudstones that serve as both source and reservoir rock or source petroleum found in juxtaposed organic-lean facies. Success in producing gas and oil from these typically ultra-low-permeability (nanodarcys) and low-porosity (15%) reservoirs has resulted in a worldwide exploration effort to locate and produce these resource systems. Successful development of shale-gas resource systems can potentially provide a long-term energy supply in the United States with the cleanest and lowest carbon dioxide-emitting carbon-based energy source.Shale-gas resource systems vary considerably system to system, yet do share some commonalities with the best systems, which are, to date, marine shales with good to excellent total organic carbon (TOC) values, gas window thermal maturity, mixed organic-rich and organic-lean lithofacies, and brittle rock fabric. A general classification scheme for these systems includes gas type, organic richness, thermal maturity, and juxtaposition of organic-lean, nonclay lithofacies. Such a classification scheme is very basic, having four continuous shale-gas resource types: (1) biogenic systems, (2) organic-rich mudstone systems at low thermal maturity, (3) organic-rich mudstone systems at a high thermal maturity, and (4) hybrid systems that contain juxtaposed source and nonsource intervals.Three types of porosity generally exist in these systems: matrix porosity, organic porosity derived from decomposition of organic matter, and fracture porosity. However, fracture porosity has not proven to be an important storage mechanism in thermogenic shale-gas resource systems.To predict accurately the actual resource potential, the determination of original hydrogen and organic carbon contents is necessary. This has been a cumbersome task that is simplified by the use of a graphic routine and frequency distribution (P50) hydrogen index in the absence of immature source rocks or data sets.

/pdf/shale-resource-systems-for-oil-and-gas-part-1-shale-gas-2z312vw85p.pdf

Shale Resource Systems for Oil and Gas: Part 1—Shale-gas Resource Systems

Geochemical evolution of organic-rich shales with increasing maturity: A STXM and TEM study of the Posidonia Shale (Lower Toarcian, northern Germany)

Sorption capacities and pore characteristics of bulk shales and isolated kerogens have been determined for immature, oil-window, and gas-window mature samples from the Lower Toarcian Posidonia shale formation. Dubinin–Radushkevich (DR) micropore volumes, sorption pore volumes, and surface areas of shales and kerogens were determined from CO2 adsorption isotherms at −78 and 0 °C, and from N2 adsorption isotherms at −196 °C. Mercury injection capillary pressure porosimetry, grain density measurements, and helium pycnometry were used to determine shale and kerogen densities and total pore volumes. Total porosities decrease through the oil-window and then increase into the gas-window. High-pressure methane isotherms up to 14 MPa were determined at 45, 65, and 85 °C on dry shale and at 45 and 65 °C on kerogen. Methane excess uptakes at 65 °C and 11.5 MPa were in the range 0.056–0.110 mmol g–1 (40–78 scf t–1) for dry Posidonia shales and 0.36–0.70 mmol g–1 (253–499 scf t–1) for the corresponding dry kerogens. A...

/pdf/high-pressure-methane-adsorption-and-characterization-of-4guj85cxwl.pdf

High-pressure methane adsorption and characterization of pores in Posidonia shales and isolated kerogens.

Organic matter maturation under the influence of a deep intrusive heat source: A natural experiment for quantitation of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion from a petroleum source rock (Toarcian shale, northern Germany)

Organic geochemistry of freshwater and alkaline lacustrine sediments in the Green River Formation of the Washakie Basin, Wyoming, U.S.A.

Structural modifications of vitrinite and alginite concentrates during pyrolitic maturation at different heating rates. A combined infrared, 13C NMR and microscopical study

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Organic matter maturation under the influence of a deep intrusive heat source: A natural experiment for quantitation of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion from a petroleum source rock (Toarcian shale, northern Germany)

Organic geochemistry of freshwater and alkaline lacustrine sediments in the Green River Formation of the Washakie Basin, Wyoming, U.S.A.

Structural modifications of vitrinite and alginite concentrates during pyrolitic maturation at different heating rates. A combined infrared, 13C NMR and microscopical study