Glasses can be formed by many routes. In some cases, distinct polyamorphic forms are found. The normal mode of glass formation is cooling of a viscous liquid. Liquid behavior during cooling is classified between "strong" and "fragile," and the three canonical characteristics of relaxing liquids are correlated through the fragility. Strong liquids become fragile liquids on compression. In some cases, such conversions occur during cooling by a weak first-order transition. This behavior can be related to the polymorphism in a glass state through a recent simple modification of the van der Waals model for tetrahedrally bonded liquids. The sudden loss of some liquid degrees of freedom through such first-order transitions is suggestive of the polyamorphic transition between native and denatured hydrated proteins, which can be interpreted as single-chain glass-forming polymers plasticized by water and cross-linked by hydrogen bonds. The onset of a sharp change in d dT( is the Debye-Waller factor and T is temperature) in proteins, which is controversially indentified with the glass transition in liquids, is shown to be general for glass formers and observable in computer simulations of strong and fragile ionic liquids, where it proves to be close to the experimental glass transition temperature. The latter may originate in strong anharmonicity in modes ("bosons"), which permits the system to access multiple minima of its configuration space. These modes, the Kauzmann temperature T(K), and the fragility of the liquid, may thus be connected.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/267/5206/1924.full.pdf

Formation of glasses from liquids and biopolymers.

The field of viscous liquid and glassy solid dynamics is reviewed by a process of posing the key questions that need to be answered, and then providing the best answers available to the authors and their advisors at this time. The subject is divided into four parts, three of them dealing with behavior in different domains of temperature with respect to the glass transition temperature, Tg , and a fourth dealing with ‘‘short time processes.’’ The first part tackles the high temperature regime T.Tg ,i n which the system is ergodic and the evolution of the viscous liquid toward the condition at Tg is in focus. The second part deals with the regime T;Tg , where the system is nonergodic except for very long annealing times, hence has time-dependent properties ~aging and annealing!. The third part discusses behavior when the system is completely frozen with respect to the primary relaxation process but in which secondary processes, particularly those responsible for ‘‘superionic’’ conductivity, and dopart mobility in amorphous silicon, remain active. In the fourth part we focus on the behavior of the system at the crossover between the low frequency vibrational components of the molecular motion and its high frequency relaxational components, paying particular attention to very recent developments in the short time dielectric response and the high Q mechanical response. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.@S0021-8979~00!02213-1#

https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1065&context=mse_pubs

Relaxation in glassforming liquids and amorphous solids

That water can exist in two distinct ‘glassy’ forms — low- and high-density amorphous ice — may provide the key to understanding some of the puzzling characteristics of cold and supercooled water, of which the glassy solids are more-viscous counterparts. Recent experimental and theoretical studies of both liquid and glassy water are now starting to offer the prospect of a coherent picture of the unusual properties of this ubiquitous substance.

https://polymer.bu.edu/hes/articles/ms98.pdf

The relationship between liquid, supercooled and glassy water

We take familiar inorganic oxide glasses and non-oxide glasses and the liquids from which they derive to review the current understanding of their atomic structure, ranging from the local environments of individual atoms to the long-range order which can cover many interatomic distances. The structural characteristics of important glasses and melts, like silicates, borates, alumino-silicates, halides and chalcogenides, are drawn from the results of recent spectroscopy and scattering experiments. The techniques include Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS), Neutron Scattering (NS) and Small- and Wide-angle X-ray Scattering measurements (SAXS/WAXS), and are often combined with computer simulation experiments in order to obtain detailed images of structure and diffusion in the glassy as well as in the molten state. We then review the current understanding of relaxation in glasses, liquids and polyamorphic states. This includes phenomenological models and theories of rela...

Inorganic glasses, glass-forming liquids and amorphizing solids

https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/item/item_3314332_3/component/file_3324953/1-s2.0-S0370157320300363-main.pdf

A perspective on conventional high-temperature superconductors at high pressure: Methods and materials

Pressure—induced amorphous phases

T-P phase diagram of the FeH system at temperatures to 450°C and pressures to 6.7 GPa

Hydrides of iron and iron-based alloys are thermodynamically stable only at hydrogen pressures in the gigapascal range and rapidly lose hydrogen under ambient conditions. At low temperatures, however, these hydrides can be retained in a metastable state at atmospheric pressure after being cooled under high pressure to liquid nitrogen temperature. This review will discuss the current state of studies on phase transformations in the Fe?H and related systems and also on the composition, crystal structure and physical properties of the hydrides, both under high hydrogen pressures and in the 'quenched' metastable state at ambient pressure. The studies at ambient pressure include magnetization measurements, x-ray and neutron diffraction, M?ssbauer spectroscopy and inelastic neutron scattering. In the sections on M?ssbauer and structural investigations of hydrides of Fe?Cr and Ni?Fe alloys new experimental results will be presented.

/pdf/high-pressure-hydrides-of-iron-and-its-alloys-49nsq5mra2.pdf

High-pressure hydrides of iron and its alloys

In binary systems many high-pressure phases (HPP) may remain in a metastable state at P = 1 atm and T = T (N 2 ). Under heating an alloy may undergo spontaneous amorphisation. We have observed spontaneous amorphisation of HPP in the CdSb, ZnSb, CdSbZnSb, AlGe, GaSb systems. Amorphisation is accompanied by marked volume and exothermal heat effects. All the amorphous phases obtained from metal HPP are semiconductors. The relationship between the tendency of HPP to amorphisation and T-P-C phase diagrams of the systems examined has been discussed.

Pressure-induced amorphous phases

T-P phase diagram of the Mn-H system at pressures to 4.4 GPa and temperatures to 1000 °C

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