Sarcopenia, a geriatric disease characterized by a progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and loss of muscle function, constitutes a rising, often undiagnosed health problem. Its prevalence in the elderly population is largely considered variable, as it ranges from 5% to 50% depending on gender, age, pathological conditions as well as diagnostic criteria. There is no one unified approach of treatment or assessment, which makes sarcopenia even harder to assess. There is a pressing need to provide better diagnosis, diagnostics, prevention, and individualized health care. Physical activity and nutrition are the main studied ways to prevent sarcopenia, and they also offer better outcomes. This review aims to report the prevalence of sarcopenia in older adults, its etiology, prevention, and treatment techniques.

Sarcopenia: A Contemporary Health Problem among Older Adult Populations

Sarcopenia is an age-related disease which leads to a decline in muscle mass and function and is one of the most important health issues in elderly people with a high rate and variety of adverse outcomes. The current systematic review and meta-analysis study was carried out to estimate the overall prevalence of sarcopenia in both males and females in different regions around the world and to show the major differences in its occurrence among different populations. A systematic review and metaanalysis of studies published in PubMed (Medline) and Scopus. Community dwelling, nursing home and hospitalized older adults aged over 60 years. Sarcopenia was defined by the major validated diagnostic criteria, such as the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP), the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) and the International Working Group on Sarcopenia (IWGS). The model used was the random effect model for estimating the prevalence of sarcopenia. The sex-specific prevalence of sarcopenia as well as 95% CI (Confidence interval) were calculated using MetaXL (version 5.3). Heterogeneity assessment was carried out by subgroup analysis. We included 41 studies with a total of 34955 participants. The prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelling individuals in the included studies were 11% (95% CI: 8–13%) in men and 9% (95% CI: 7–11%) in women. The prevalence of sarcopenia in nursing-home individuals in the included studies were 51% (95% CI: 37–66%) in men and 31% (95% CI: 22–42%) in women and in hospitalized individuals were 23% (95%, CI: 15–30%) in men and 24% (95% CI: 14–35%) in women. Despite the differences encountered between the studies, regarding diagnostic tools used to measure of muscle mass, different regions around the world and different populations and clinical settings, this systematic review revealed that a significant proportion of old people has sarcopenia (major in nursing homes), even in populations healthy in general. However, sarcopenia is caused by the aging progress, early diagnosis and individualized care, including physical activity and nutrition, can prevent some adverse outcomes in all populations.

Differences in the Prevalence of Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling, Nursing Home and Hospitalized Individuals. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Lean Mass Abnormalities in Heart Failure: The Role of Sarcopenia, Sarcopenic Obesity, and Cachexia.

Malnutrition, frailty and sarcopenia are becoming increasingly prevalent among community-dwelling older adults; yet are often unidentified and untreated in community settings. There is an urgent need for community-based healthcare professionals (HCPs) from all disciplines, including medicine, nursing and allied health, to be aware of, and to be able to recognise and appropriately manage these conditions. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of malnutrition, frailty and sarcopenia in the community, including their definitions, prevalence, impacts and causes/risk factors; and guidance on how these conditions may be identified and managed by HCPs in the community. A detailed description of the care process, including screening and referral, assessment and diagnosis, intervention, and monitoring and evaluation, relevant to the community context, is also provided. Further research exploring the barriers/enablers to delivering high-quality nutrition care to older community-dwelling adults who are malnourished, frail or sarcopenic is recommended, to inform the development of specific guidance for HCPs in identifying and managing these conditions in the community.

Identifying and Managing Malnutrition, Frailty and Sarcopenia in the Community: A Narrative Review.

Comparing Mini Sarcopenia Risk Assessment With SARC-F for Screening Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

to validate the MSRA questionnaire proposed as prescreening tool for sarcopenia, in a population of community-dwelling elderly subjects. observational study. community dwelling elderly subjects. 274 community dwelling elderly subjects, 177 women and 97 men, aged 66-78 years. Based on EWGSOP diagnostic criteria subjects were classified as sarcopenic and nonsarcopenic. The Mini Sarcopenia Risk Assessment (MSRA) questionnaire, is composed of seven questions and investigates anamnestic and nutritional characteristics related to risk of sarcopenia onset (age, protein and dairy products consumption, number of meals per day, physical activity level, number of hospitalizations and weight loss in the last year). 33.5% of the study population, were classified as sarcopenic. With the 7-item MSRA score, subjects with a score of 30 or less, had a 4-fold greater risk of being sarcopenic than subjects with a score higher than 30 (OR:4.20;95% CI:2.26–8.06); area under the ROC curve was 0.786 (95% CI:0.725-0.847). In a logistic regression, considering as dependent variable the probability of being sarcopenic, and as independent variables the 7 items of the questionnaire, two items (number of meals and milk and dairy products consumption) showed non-significant diagnostic power. A 5-item score was then derived and the area under the ROC curve was 0.789 (95% IC:0.728-0.851). Taking into account the cost of false positive and false negative costs and the prevalence of sarcopenia, the “optimal” threshold of the original MSRA score (based on 7 items) is 30, with a sensitivity of 0.804 and a specificity of 0.505, while the “optimal” threshold of the MSRA score based on 5 items, is 45, with a sensitivity of 0.804 and a specificity of 0.604. this preliminary study shows that the MSRA questionnaire is predictive of sarcopenia and can be suggested as prescreening instrument to detect this condition. The use of a short form of the MSRA questionnaire improves the capacity to identify sarcopenic subjects.

Assessing the risk of sarcopenia in the elderly: The Mini Sarcopenia Risk Assessment (MSRA) questionnaire

Abstract Background Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of death among the elderly. Its prevalence increases dramatically with age. The prevalence of malnourished subjects is high in hospitalized elderly patients. We aimed to investigate the prognostic role of malnutrition, assessed by controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score, on adverse clinical outcomes in the elderly admitted for acute HF. Methods We enrolled 293 patients (mean age 84 years; 48% men) consecutively admitted for acute HF to the Internal Medicine or Geriatrics Divisions at the ‘IRCCS Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria’ Hospital of Negrar (Verona, Italy) from 2013 to 2015. We predicted the risk of all-cause death, re-hospitalizations for HF and non-HF causes, and the composite of all-cause death or hospitalizations over 2-year follow-up. Patients were divided into four groups according to CONUT score: normal-CONUT (0–1; n = 30); mild-CONUT (2–3; n = 56); moderate-CONUT (4–7; n = 171); and severe-CONUT (≥ 8; n = 36). Results Higher CONUT scores were associated with older age and lower entry blood pressures. No difference in hemodynamics was noted at the discharge. Kaplan–Meier curves showed a significant association between worsening CONUT scores and risk of all-cause death ( p &lt; 0.01), re-hospitalizations ( p &lt; 0.01), or both ( p &lt; 0.001). Cox regression analysis revealed these significant associations persisted after adjustment for age, sex, pre-existing cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and plasma brain natriuretic peptide levels at discharge (all-cause mortality HR = 1.29 (1.00–1.66), p = 0.049; hospitalization for HF HR = 1.36 (1.03–1.81), p = 0.033; hospitalization for non-HF HR = 1.38 (1.03–1.86), p = 0.034; composite outcome HR = 1.33 (1.07–1.64), p = 0.01). Conclusions Malnutrition, assessed by the CONUT score, is common among elderly patients admitted for acute HF and is strongly related to increased long-term risk of all-cause death and re-hospitalizations. 

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Controlling nutritional status score predicts 2-year outcomes in elderly patients admitted for acute heart failure

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Assessing the risk of sarcopenia in the elderly: The Mini Sarcopenia Risk Assessment (MSRA) questionnaire

Controlling nutritional status score predicts 2-year outcomes in elderly patients admitted for acute heart failure