▪ Abstract This chapter presents an experimental overview of collective flow phenomena in heavy-ion collisions in the incident energy regime from 100 AMeV to 160 AGeV. The characteristic features of various types of flow are described. The discussion of common dependences on the collision system and bombarding energy focuses on the different time scales of the underlying physics processes. Special emphasis is placed on the presence of structures in the excitation functions. The sensitivity of the available data to changes of nuclear-matter properties, e.g. equation of state, medium effects, and phase transitions, is discussed.

Collective flow in heavy-ion collisions

Excitation function of elliptic flow in Au + Au collisions and the nuclear matter equation of state

Systematics of central heavy ion collisions in the 1A GeV regime

The elliptic flow for Z <= 2 particles in heavy ion collisions at energies from several tens to several hundreds MeV per nucleon is investigated by means of a transport model, i.e., a new version of the improved quantum molecular dynamics model (ImQMD05). This model employs a complete Skyrme potential energy density functional. The influence of different effective interactions and medium corrections of nucleon-nucleon cross sections on the elliptic flow are studied. Our results show that a soft nuclear equation of state and incident energy dependent in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross sections are required to describe the excitation function of the elliptic flow at intermediate energies. The size dependence of transition energies for the elliptic flow at intermediate energies is also studied. The system size dependence of transition energies fits a power of system size with an exponent of 0.223.

Elliptic flow and system size dependence of transition energies at intermediate energies

Collective flows in heavy-ion collisions from AGS [$(2\char21{}11)A$ GeV] to SPS [$(40,158)A$ GeV] energies are investigated in a nonequilibrium transport model with the nuclear mean field (MF). Sideward $\ensuremath{\langle}{p}_{x}\ensuremath{\rangle}$, directed ${v}_{1}$, and elliptic flows ${v}_{2}$ are systematically studied with different assumptions for the nuclear equation of state (EOS). We find that the momentum dependence on the nuclear MF is important for the understanding of the proton collective flows at AGS and SPS energies. Calculated results with momentum-dependent MF qualitatively reproduce the experimental data of proton sideward, directed, and elliptic flows in a incident energy range of $(2\char21{}158)A$ GeV.

/pdf/mean-field-effects-on-collective-flow-in-high-energy-heavy-3dba02zrv1.pdf

Mean-field effects on collective flow in high-energy heavy-ion collisions at 2 158A GeV energies

Out-of-plane emission of nuclear matter in Au+Au collisions between 100 and 800 AMeV

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Out-of-plane emission of nuclear matter in Au+Au collisions between 100 and 800 AMeV