The abundances of CO2, H2O, S and halogens dissolved in basaltic magmas are strongly variable because their solubilities and ability to be fractionated in the vapor phase depend on several parameters such as pressure, temperature, melt composition and redox state. Experimental and analytical studies show that CO2 is much less soluble in silicate melts compared to H2O (e.g., Javoy and Pineau 1991; Dixon et al. 1995). As much as 90% of the initial CO2 dissolved in basaltic melts may be already degassed at crustal depths, whereas H2O remains dissolved because of its higher solubility such that H2O contents of basaltic magmas at crustal depths may reach a few percents. Most subduction-related basaltic magmas are rich in H2O (up to 6–8 wt%; Sisson and Grove 1993; Roggensack et al. 1997; Newman et al. 2000; Pichavant et al. 2002; Grove et al. 2005) compared to mid-ocean ridge basalts (<1 wt%; Sobolev and Chaussidon 1996; Fischer and Marty 2005; Wallace 2005).

During magma movement towards the surface, exsolution of major volatile constituents (CO2, H2O) causes gas bubble nucleation, growth, and possible coalescence that exert a strong control on the dynamics of magma ascent and eruption (Anderson 1975; Sparks 1978; Tait et al. 1989). Gas bubbles have the ability to move faster than magma (Sparks 1978), particularly in low viscosity basaltic magmas. Bubble accumulation, coalescence and foam collapse give rise to differential transfer of gas slugs and periodic gas bursting (Strombolian activity; Jaupart and Vergniolle 1988, 1989) or periodic lava fountains (Vergniolle and Jaupart 1990; Philips and Wood 2001) depending on magma physical properties and ascent rate. It is also thought that strombolian and lava …

Volatile Abundances in Basaltic Magmas and Their Degassing Paths Tracked by Melt Inclusions

The origin of tholeiitic (TH) versus calc-alkaline (CA) magmatic trends has long been debated. Part of the problem stems from the lack of a quantitative measure for the way in which a magma evolves. Recognizing that the salient feature in manyTH^CA discrimination diagrams is enrichment in Fe during magma evolution, we have developed a quantitative index of Fe enrichment, the Tholeiitic Index (THI):THI1⁄4Fe4·0/Fe8·0, where Fe4·0 is the average FeO* concentration of samples with 4 1wt % MgO, and Fe8·0 is the average FeO* at 8 1wt % MgO. Magmas withTHI41 have enriched in FeO* during differentiation from basalts to andesites and are tholeiitic; magmas with THI51 are calc-alkaline. Most subduction zone volcanism is CA, but to varying extents; the THI expresses the continuum of Fe enrichment observed in magmatic suites in all tectonic settings.To test various controls on the development of CA trends, we present new magmatic water measurements in melt inclusions from eight volcanoes from the Aleutian volcanic arc (Augustine, Emmons, Shishaldin, Akutan, Unalaska, Okmok, Seguam, and Korovin). Least degassed H2O contents vary from 2 wt % (Shishaldin) to47 wt % (Augustine), spanning the global range in arc mafic magmas.Within the Aleutian data, H2O correlates negatively with THI, from strongly calc-alkaline (Augustine, THI1⁄4 0·65) to moderately tholeiitic (Shishaldin, THI1⁄41·16). The relationship between THI and magmatic water is maintained when data are included from additional arc volcanoes, back-arc basins, ocean islands, and mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs), supporting a dominant role of magmatic water in generating CA trends. An effective break between TH and CA trends occurs at 2 wt % H2O. Both pMELTs calculations and laboratory experiments demonstrate that the observed co-variation of H2O and THI in arcs can be generated by the effect of H2O on the

/pdf/the-role-of-water-in-generating-the-calc-alkaline-trend-new-58e869l6ss.pdf

The Role of Water in Generating the Calc-alkaline Trend: New Volatile Data for Aleutian Magmas and a New Tholeiitic Index

Basaltic volcanic fields consist of one or more volcanoes within a defined area that is separate from other volcanic areas and that has an internally consistent tectonic/structural setting. Most of the volcanoes are monogenetic, each having only a single eruptive episode lasting from weeks to decades before becoming extinct, and are of small volume (typically around 1 km3 or less). These volcanoes share many eruptive processes with larger, polygenetic volcanoes of basaltic composition, including Strombolian, Hawaiian, and phreatomagmatic explosive activity and effusion of lava flows. They form a range of landforms including lava fields, scoria cones, small shields, maars, tuff cones, and tuff rings depending upon the dominance of magmatic volatiles versus phreatomagmatic explosions in driving eruptions, and upon the magma volume flux and processes within the shallow crust. Basaltic volcanic fields typically contain volcano alignments that may be related to crustal structures, and clusters of high spatial vent density that are likely related to variability in the upper mantle magma sources. Hazard assessment is complicated by the many factors that affect the timing and locations of successive eruptions within a volcanic field. Recent research on magma sources and ascent for monogenetic volcanoes suggests an important role for compositional heterogeneity in the upper mantle, and that volatile fluxes during eruptions can be of similar magnitude as at larger polygenetic volcanoes.

Basaltic Volcanic Fields

Over the past 25 years, our understanding of the physical processes that drive volcanic eruptions has increased enormously thanks to major advances in computational and analytical facilities, instrumentation, and collection of comprehensive observational, geophysical, geochemical, and petrological data sets associated with recent volcanic activity. Much of this work has been motivated by the recognition that human exposure to volcanic hazard is increasing with both expanding populations and increasing reliance on infrastructure (as illustrated by the disruption to air traffic caused by the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajokull volcano in Iceland). Reducing vulnerability to volcanic eruptions requires a thorough understanding of the processes that govern eruptive activity. Here, we provide an overview of our current understanding of how volcanoes work. We focus particularly on the physical processes that modulate magma accumulation in the upper crust, transport magma to the surface, and control eruptive activity.

How volcanoes work: a 25 year perspective

http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2015/EGU2015-4009.pdf

Calderas and magma reservoirs

Explosive dynamics of violent Strombolian eruptions: The eruption of Parícutin Volcano 1943-1952 (Mexico)

http://www.geo.umass.edu/petrology/Erlund%20et%20al_InPress_JVolcGeotherm.pdf

Compositional evolution of magma from Paricutin Volcano, Mexico: the tephra record

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Explosive dynamics of violent Strombolian eruptions: The eruption of Parícutin Volcano 1943-1952 (Mexico)

Compositional evolution of magma from Paricutin Volcano, Mexico: the tephra record