Developments in analytical photogrammetry provide the engineering geologist and geomorphologist with a quantitative technique capable of monitoring slope instability from ground or oblique aerial photographs. This paper outlines ‘analytical’ photogrammetry and its applications to the study of slope instability. Procedures and developments in data processing are described that enable both a morphogenetic analysis of slope form and the derivation of displacement vectors for monitoring unstable slopes. The methods are illustrated by research work carried out by the authors in Nepal and southern England.

Analytical photogrammetry: a method for monitoring slope instability

This thesis discusses the development and application of an analytical photogrammetric technique which enables accurate spatial data, of known quality, to be derived from archival photographs. Such a facility represents an important advancement, particularly for geomorphologists, because the effects of geomorphological process can be assessed quantitatively and directly by comparing spatial data derived from photographs at different epochs. Sources of archival photographs of England are identified and the type, quantity, range and age of each major collection is discussed. Existing methods of deriving spatial data from photographs are reviewed and illustrated by previous research, with particular emphasis upon the limitations associated with each method. The technique that was developed is based upon a self calibrating bundle adjustment and both the functional and stochastic models suitable for successful restitution of archival photographs were established. Five computer programs were developed and the algorithms associated with each are given. These programs are run sequentially and assist in rapid restitution of archival photography and to derive measures of data quality. The technique is applied successfully to a forty year old sequence of archival photographs, obtained from a variety of sources, of the Black Ven landslide, Dorset, England. Spatial data was derived from five photographic epochs, at approximately 10 year intervals, using an analytical plotter. A secondary aim of the research was to extend existing techniques and devise new methods of processing these spatial data, for geomorphological purposes. Several techniques were found to be especially valuable including: the production of morpho-genetic maps; DTI's of difference; evolutionary models; animated sequences and distributions of slope angle. The latter has shown that the evolutionary model of 'dynamic equilibrium is valid for the Black Ven landslides. All aspects of data quality are examined, particularly the functional model used in the self-calibrating bundle adjustment. This least squares estimating procedure is found to be perfectly adequate for the successful restitution of archival photographs.

The acquisition of spatial data from archival photographs and their application to geomorphology

Geomorphological studies often require the accurate and efficient acquisition of topographic data. A set of elevation data for different periods is particularly important, because it permits the evaluation of landform change. To obtain such data in a form of the digital elevation model, photogrammetric techniques have been applied to aerial and terrestrial photographs. This approach has often been taken in North America and Europe to facilitate geomorphological research including the analysis of river channel shift, landslide movement, and gully erosion. In contrast, Japanese geomorphologists have only infrequently applied photogrammetric techniques. To facilitate such studies in Japan, this paper reviews photogrammetric applications in geomorphology with emphasis on four aspects : 1) historical development of photogrammetric techniques ; 2) overview of case studies in regions other than Japan especially North America and Europe ; 3) characteristics of relevant studies in Japan ; and, 4) errors in topographic measurements by photogrammetry.

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jgeography1889/111/1/111_1_1/_pdf

Applications of Photogrammetry in Geomorphology : A Review

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/pdf/implementation-of-photogrammetry-to-improve-proactive-3e4qr354dt.pdf

Implementation of photogrammetry to improve proactive assessment of retaining walls along transportation corridors

The role of close range photogrammetry (CRP) in engineering geology is described, the relative advantages and limitations of the technique being outlined. A comprehensive literature review reports on the use of CRP for in situ monitoring of earth and rockfill dams, retaining walls, rockfaces and landslides, channel and gully erosion and, also, laboratory based experiments. The historical development of analytical CRP and the types of project where such a technique would be appropriate are subsequently discussed. Two case histories illustrating the use of analytical CRP for monitoring a series of eroded slopes in southern England are reported. The paper also examines the benefits which occur when digital photogrammetric data of this type are integrated with suitable ground modelling software.

Monitoring of geotechnical processes by close range photogrammetry

A photogrammetric monitoring method of structural deformation has been developed during the course of this project. The Gabion Wall which is part of the I-90 project has been used as the site for practical tests of the theoretical development. The monitoring consists of photographing the structure from three camera stations with KA-2 f=24" camera. The camera has been modified to a plate camera to provide the maximum accuracy. The methodology consists of the geodetic determination of the camera location and the orientation and photogrammetric determination of targets (natural and artificial) on the structure. During the course of this project more than 100 target ocations were determined by three dimensional coordinates. The maximum error was found to be plus 3/4 inch; the average, 1/2 inch. This represents a relative accuracy of from 1/58,000 to 1/120,000 of the photographic distance. Using the actual construction site for research has permitted immediate implementation. The instrumentation as well as the methodology along with the computer program has been transmitted to the Washington State Higwhay Department & their Photogrammetric Branch has been assisted in the implementation. /FHWA/

Photogrammetric monitoring of a gabion wall

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Photogrammetric monitoring of a gabion wall