Hygroscopic and hydrolytic effects in dental polymer networks.

A significant amount of residual monomer or short chain polymers remain unbound in set composite material. Due to its potential impact on both the biocompatibility and the structural stability of the restoration, many investigators have studied the elution of these unbound molecules into aqueous media. The results of these studies suggest that elution of leachable components from composites is rapid, with the majority being released within a matter of hours. Weight losses of up to 2% of the mass of the composite have been reported under certain conditions. The studies have also shown that the extent and rate of elution of components from composites is dependent upon several factors. The quantity of leachables has been correlated to the degree of cure of the polymer network. The composition and solubility characteristics of the extraction solvent influence the kinetics and mechanism of the elution process. Elution is generally thought to occur via diffusion of molecules through the resin matrix, and is therefore dependent upon the size and chemical characteristics of the leachable species.

Elution of leachable components from composites.

Water sorption and solubility of six proprietary composite resin materials were assessed, and monomers eluted from the organic matrix during water storage identified. Water sorption and solubility tests were carried out with the following storage times: 4 h, 24 h and 7, 60 and 180 days. After storage, water sorption and solubility were determined. Eluted monomers were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Correlation between the retention time of the registered peak and the reference peak was observed, and UV-spectra confirmed the identity. The results showed an increase in water sorption until equilibrium for all materials with one exception. The solubility behaviour of the composite resin materials tested revealed variations, with both mass decrease and increase. The resin composition influences the water sorption and solubility behaviour of composite resin materials. The HPLC analysis of eluted components revealed that triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) was the main monomer released. Maximal monomer concentration in the eluate was observed after 7 days. During the test period, quantifiable quantities of urethanedimethacrylate (UEDMA) monomer were observed, whereas 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropoxy)-phenyl]propane (Bis-GMA) was only found in detectable quantities. No detectable quantities of bisphenol-A were observed during the test period.

Water sorption and solubility of dental composites and identification of monomers released in an aqueous environment

Effect of thermocycling on bond strength of luting cements to zirconia ceramic

Resin bonding to a glass-infiltrated aluminum oxide ceramic (In-Ceram) cannot be achieved by the methods commonly used for conventional silica-based dental caramics. This study evaluated the durability of alternative methods of adhesive bonding to In-Ceram ceramic. The tensile bond strength of six bonding systems to In-Ceram ceramic was tested after up to 150 days of storage in isotonic artificial saliva solution and theramal cycling. Sandblasting alone or additional use of a silane did not result in a durable bond of a conventional BIS-GMA composite resin to In-Ceram ceramic. A durable bond to In-Ceram ceramic was achieved with a combination of tribochemical silica coating and conventional BIS-GMA composite resin or with the combination of sandblasting and a composite resin modified with a phosphate monomer. These two chemomechanical bonding methods appeared suitable for clinical bonding of In-Ceram ceramic restorations. A delayed degradation in bond strength was recorded for the combination of thermal silica coating and a conventional BIS-GMA composite resin; no reduction was found after 30 days, but there was a pronounced decrease after 150 days. This degradation indicated that extended storage in a wet environment was needed in laboratory tests to evaluate the durability of chemical bonds.

Bonding to glass infiltrated alumina ceramic: Adhesive methods and their durability

The uptake of water by composite filling materials seems to be a diffusion-controlled process; the magnitudes of the diffusion coefficients obtained are consistent with the uptake base through the resin matrix. The diffusion coefficients measured show the diffusion coefficient to decrease with increasing water concentration, which accounts for the protracted nature of the attainment of equilibrium uptake. Diffusion coefficients are generally lower in these composites based on difunctional methacrylates, compared with methyl methacrylate, presumably because of the highly cross-linked nature of the former.

Diffusion of Water in Composite Filling Materials

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Diffusion of Water in Composite Filling Materials