A new proton therapy center is planned to be built in Rome, Italy. The project, named TOP-IMPLART, is developed by three institutions, ENEA (Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile - Italian national agency for new technologies, energy and sustainable economic development), ISS (Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Italian National Institute of Health) and IFO-IRE (Istituto Fisioterapico Ospedaliero - Istituto Regina Elena, Regina Elena, National Cancer Institute in Rome). The project is centered on a medium-energy proton accelerator designed as a sequence of linear accelerators. Two phases of construction are foreseen: the first (funded by the Italian Regione Lazio for 11 M€ spread over four years) with a maximum energy of 150 MeV and the second one up to 230 MeV. The segment up to 150 MeV is under construction and will be tested at the ENEA Research Center in Frascati before the transfer to IFO that is the clinical user. The basic concepts of the design are described here.

http://www.frascati.enea.it/accelerators/Repository/TOP-IMPLART/Pubblicazioni/2011/epjp1100112-offprints.pdf

The TOP-IMPLART project

This thesis presents new superconducting compact (as opposed to separated-sector ) cyclotron designs for injection in CABOTO, a linac developed by the TERA Foundation delivering C6+/H2+ beams up to 400 MeV/u for ion beam therapy. This association of a variable energy linac injected by a fixed energy cyclotron is called cyclinac. Two superconducting cyclotron designs are compared under the same design constraints and methods: a synchrocyclotron and an isochronous cyclotron, both at the highest possible magnetic field and with an output energy of 230 MeV/u. This energy allows to use the cyclotron as a stand-alone accelerator for protontherapy. Once the optimal cyclotron is determined, lower energy cyclotrons can easily be designed. The short pulse length (1.5 µs), fast repetition rate (100-300 Hz) and small beam transmission of the cyclinac (0.2%) require intense pulsed ion sources. To deliver the desired clinical dose rate, the average pulse current of 60 eµA of C6+ at 300 Hz can be produced by three commercial EBIS (EBIS-SC by Dreebit Gmbh) operating at 100 Hz and connected to the beamline in alternating mode. A multicusp ion source is sufficient to produce compatible H2+ beams. The synchrocyclotron design features a central magnetic field of 5 T, an axisymmetric pole and a constant field index of 0.02. The beam is injected axially with a spiral inflector (K = 1.4). A static magnetic perturbation of 0.1 T and 5° width boosts the beam radial gain per turn (with no emittance degradation) by exciting the first radial integer resonance and thus allows beam ejection with moderate beam losses (30%). The RF system operates in first harmonic (Q = 2500). The 180° Dee provides 28 kV peak voltage and the RF is modulated (30-38 MHz) by a rotating capacitor (90-900 pF). The synchrocyclotron's best features are the simple and compact magnet (300 tons) and the low RF power requirements (30 kW power supply). The isochronous cyclotron design features a 3.2 T central magnetic field, four sectors and a pole characterized by elliptical gaps in the hills (3-30 mm) and in the valleys (11-50 cm). Spiraling is minimized (80° total hill axis rotation) and beam ejection is achieved with a single electrostatic deflector placed inside an empty valley. The two RF cavities operate in fourth harmonic at 98 MHz (Q = 7100). The RF system provides peak voltages of 70-120 kV and is powered by a single 100 kW unit. The synchrocyclotron reliability is brought into question by the need of a rotating capacitor and by the complexity of the injection and ejection systems. However, the isochronous cyclotron requires a much more complex magnet. Overall, the isochronous cyclotron is a better solution compared to the synchrocyclotron, because it is as compact but more reliable. To quantitatively determine the industrial and clinical optimum for the CABOTO injection energy, three complementary isochronous cyclotrons of 70, 120 and 170 MeV/u are studied, based on the 230 MeV/u design. The optimal cyclotron energy strongly depends on the clinical aim of the facility. For a dual proton and carbon ion centre, the best compromise between clinical flexibility, accelerator size and power consumption is to accelerate particles up to 150 MeV/u in the cyclotron. In this configuration, the 150 MeV/u isochronous cyclotron has similar weight and spiraling as the most widely used cyclotron for protontherapy (C235 by IBA S.A.), CABOTO is 24 m long and the overall power consumption of the cyclinac is 650 kW. Adding to these characteristics, the property of fast energy variation of the linac makes the cyclinac presented in this thesis a strongly competitive accelerator for dual proton and carbon ion therapy.

Cyclotron Designs for Ion Beam Therapy with Cyclinacs

ACLIP is a 3 GHz proton SCL linac designed as a booster for a 30 MeV commercial cyclotron. The final energy is 62 MeV well suitable for the therapy of ocular tumors or for further acceleration (up to 230 MeV) by a second linac in order to treat deep-seated tumours. The possibility of using magnetrons as the source of RF power, to reduce the overall cost of the machine, is one the more relevant features of this project and this investigation is carried out within the frame of a collaboration with e2v (Chelmsford, UK). ACLIP is formed by 5 modules coupled together. The first one (able to accelerate proton from 30 to 35 MeV) has been machined, completely brazed and in December 2008 full power RF tests were performed. In this paper we will review the main features of the linac and discuss the results of the RF measurements carried out on this prototype.

RF high power tests on the first module of the ACLIP LINAC

We consider a hybrid acceleration scheme for protons where the laser generated beam is selected in energy and angle and injected into a compact linac, which raises the energy from 30 to 60 MeV. The laser acceleration regime is TNSA and the energy spectrum is determined by the cutoff energy and proton temperature. The dependence of the spectrum on the target properties and the incidence angle is investigated with 2D PIC simulations. We base our work on widely available technologies and on laser with a short pulse, having in mind a facility whose cost is approximately 15 M € . Using a recent experiment as the reference, we choose the laser pulse and target so that the energy spectrum obtained from the 3D PIC simulation is close to the one observed, whose cutoff energy was estimated to be over 50 MeV. Laser accelerated protons in the TNSA regime have wide energy spectrum and broad divergence. In this paper we compare three transport lines, designed to perform energy selection and beam collimation. They are based on a solenoid, a quadruplet of permanent magnetic quadrupoles and a chicane. To increase the maximum available energy, which is actually seen as an upper limit due to laser properties and available targets, we propose to inject protons into a small linac for post-acceleration. The number of selected and injected protons is the highest with the solenoid and lower by one and two orders of magnitude with the quadrupoles and the chicane respectively. Even though only the solenoid enables achieving to reach a final intensity at the threshold required for therapy with the highest beam quality, the other systems will be very likely used in the first experiments. Realistic start-to-end simulations, as the ones reported here, are relevant for the design of such experiments.

High quality proton beams from hybrid integrated laser-driven ion acceleration systems

ACLIP is a 3 GHz proton SCL linac designed as a booster for a 30 MeV commercial cyclotron. The final energy is 62 MeV well suitable for the therapy of ocular tumors or for further acceleration (up to 230 MeV) by a second linac in order to treat deep-seated tumours. The possibility of using magnetrons as the source of RF power, to reduce the overall cost of the machine, is under investigation with our collaborators e2v (Chelmsford, UK). ACLIP is a 5 modules structure coupled together. The first one (able to accelerate proton from 30 to 35 MeV) has been machined and completely brazed. We plan to have the high power test by early Autumn 2008. In this paper we will review the main features of the linac and discuss the results of the RF measurements carried out on this prototype.

/pdf/design-construction-and-low-power-rf-tests-of-the-first-4dj1xboami.pdf

Design, construction and low power RF tests of the first module of the ACLIP linac

A 3 GHz Side Coupled linac (ACLIP) has been designed to accelerate the proton energy of a 30 MeV commercial cyclotron up to 240 MeV, needed for deep protontherapy (PT). The first module of the linac, able to accelerate proton from 30 to 35 MeV has been constructed and is now on the way to being brazed. An agreement has been set up with e2v (Chelmsford, UK) in order to carry out high power testing with a 4 MW magnetron/modulator. Acceleration tests will then be performed at LNS-Catania using the 30 MeV proton beam from the Superconducting Cyclotron. The second module, which is currently under construction, will be placed downstream from the first one and driven by a second e2v magnetron/modulator to investigate the magnetron phase locking possibilities.

Aclip: a 3 ghz side coupled linac for protontherapy to be used as a booster for 30 mev cyclotrons

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Aclip: a 3 ghz side coupled linac for protontherapy to be used as a booster for 30 mev cyclotrons