Brent In-Fill Drilling Programme: Lost Circulation Associated With Drilling Depleted Reservoirs

Extending thermal stability of calcium carbonate pills using sepiolite drilling fluid

Design and Utilization of Low Solids OBM for Aasgard Reservoir Drilling and Completion

Blast furnace slag (BFS) is a latent hydraulic material similar in composition to Portland cement. BFS was originally studied for mud to cement (MTC) purposes. This application called for large quantities of BFS (40-500 ppb (lb/bbl)) and ultimately proved to be ineffective. Subsequently, BFS has been investigated as an additive in drilling fluids. In a recent study, muds containing additive-level concentrations (5-30 lb/bbl) of BFS were shown to be effective in reducing formation damage. The present work extends the investigation of BFS as a drilling fluid additive. Specifically, we have explored the use of chemical reagents to activate the BFS in filter cakes to achieve cakes that are thin, impervious and firm. Filter cakes were formed from slag-laden drilling fluids in a high-pressure, high-temperature reverse filtration apparatus (permeability plugging apparatus). Studies were conducted with partially hydrolyzed polyacrlyamide (PHPA) muds and CaCO 3 -based fluids containing different loadings of BFS. Filter cakes of these fluids were treated with several different activators and the results were compared to cakes containing no BFS. Different activation techniques were investigated and a novel device was designed to measure the strength of the filter cakes. An environmental scanning electron microscope examined the relationship between the structural features of the activated cakes and their strengths. This study demonstrates that filter cakes containing BFS can be chemically activated to produce thin, firm cakes with improved filtration properties. These cakes should be able to form better bonds with cement subsequently used for completion.

Chemically Improved Filter Cakes for Drilling Wells

Customizing Drill-In Fluid for Peregrino Project in Brazil: Laboratory Development and Field Experience

For the past nine years, the drilling industry has used the Permeability Plugging Apparatus (PPA) to assist in evaluating and resolving differential sticking and lost circulation problems which may arise while drilling depleted, weak or fractured zones. The increasing use of open hole completions in horizontal wells also means that more attention has to be paid to the cake forming properties of drilling fluids. The PPA is a high pressure, high temperature filtration device designed to evaluate fluid loss and spurt loss of drilling fluids under filtration conditions that more closely approximate those encountered downhole than the filter paper normally used. Although filtration occurs under static rather than dynamic conditions, pressures as high as 5000 psi (34,500 kPA) and temperatures of up to 500°F (260°C) may be investigated. The main feature of the PPA is the use of ceramic disks as the filtration medium. These are available in a wide range of porosities and permeabilities to match those properties of the formation much better than filter paper can. There are currently five PPA types with different pressure ratings that are in use in the laboratory and the field. In response to concern about the safe use of these devices, and the reproducibility of the data generated with them, the American Petroleum Institute initiated a program to investigate these issues, and to produce a standardized test procedure. The new API procedure addresses the safety issues of the PPA cell designs. Further, to provide consistency between users, the procedure outlines a new method of calculating spurt loss and total filtrate volume parameters based on the test data. The new procedure has been used, both in the laboratory and the field, to evaluate seepage loss additives as well as traditional lost circulation additives. Case histories are provided which demonstrate successful use of the device in evaluating lost circulation material and in the prevention of differential sticking problems while drilling depleted zones as well as designing pills for severe lost circulation.

New Permeability Plugging Apparatus Procedure Addresses Safety and Technology Issues

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New Permeability Plugging Apparatus Procedure Addresses Safety and Technology Issues