This chapter provides a review on the state of soil visible–near infrared (vis–NIR) spectroscopy Our intention is for the review to serve as a source of up-to-date information on the past and current role of vis–NIR spectroscopy in soil science It should also provide critical discussion on issues surrounding the use of vis–NIR for soil analysis and on future directions To this end, we describe the fundamentals of visible and infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and spectroscopic multivariate calibrations A review of the past and current role of vis–NIR spectroscopy in soil analysis is provided, focusing on important soil attributes such as soil organic matter (SOM), minerals, texture, nutrients, water, pH, and heavy metals We then discuss the performance and generalization capacity of vis–NIR calibrations, with particular attention on sample pretratments, covariations in data sets, and mathematical data preprocessing Field analyses and strategies for the practical use of vis–NIR are considered We conclude that the technique is useful to measure soil water and mineral composition and to derive robust calibrations for SOM and clay content Many studies show that we also can predict properties such as pH and nutrients, although their robustness may be questioned For future work we recommend that research should focus on: (i) moving forward with more theoretical calibrations, (ii) better understanding of the complexity of soil and the physical basis for soil reflection, and (iii) applications and the use of spectra for soil mapping and monitoring, and for making inferences about soils quality, fertility and function To do this, research in soil spectroscopy needs to be more collaborative and strategic The development of the Global Soil Spectral Library might be a step in the right direction

/pdf/visible-and-near-infrared-spectroscopy-in-soil-science-l2f7v53g20.pdf

Visible and Near Infrared Spectroscopy in Soil Science

Relationships between Permeability and Erodibility of Cultivated Acrisols and Cambisols in Subtropical China

Impact of tree saplings on the kinetic energy of rainfall—The importance of stand density, species identity and tree architecture in subtropical forests in China

Soil water deficits have presented challenges to vegetation restoration in rocky desertification areas. In the field, small volumes of soil resources are present only in near-surface crevices, fissures, and other similar features. Water stored in the soil in near-surface fissures can help plants grow in such areas. The goals of this study are to discuss the soil water retention functions of near-surface fissures in terms of soil structure, water infiltration and water storage capacity and to define the role of fissure water in the growth of plants in rocky desertification areas. Several near-surface fissures with four types of vegetation (i.e., crops, grass, shrubs and trees) within a rocky karst desertification area on the Karst Plateau in Guizhou Province, China, were examined. Soil physicochemical property analysis and stable isotope techniques were applied. Fissures with shrubs and trees present high levels of soil porosity, while fissures with crops and grasses present low levels of soil porosity. The water infiltration rates of the soil in all of the examined fissures are higher than the rainfall intensity of the maximum daily rainfall for this province. Consequently, most rainwater infiltrates through the fissure soils. Compared to the other fissures, fissures with crops present higher levels of usable soil storage capacity in the surface soils (0–20 cm), which are affected by tillage (ploughing), but exhibit lower capacities in the bottom soil layer. Additionally, tree and shrub fissures present higher usable soil storage capacities in bottom soil layer than other types of fissures. The main source of water for Ligustrum and Pyracantha in the dry season is fissure water, which accounts for 44.7% and 58.2% of all the water utilized by these species, respectively. Fissure water may represent the most important source of water for plants growing in near-surface karst fissures.

The role of soil water retention functions of near-surface fissures with different vegetation types in a rocky desertification area.

The greenhouse is the fastest growing food production approach and has become the symbol of protected agriculture with the development of agricultural modernization. Previous studies have verified the effectiveness of remote sensing techniques for mono-temporal greenhouse mapping. In practice, long-term monitoring of greenhouse from remote sensing data is vital for the sustainable management of protected agriculture and existing studies have been limited in understanding its spatiotemporal dynamics. This study aimed to generate multi-temporal greenhouse maps in a typical protected agricultural region (Shouguang region, north China) from 1990 to 2018 using Landsat imagery and the Google Earth Engine and quantify its spatiotemporal dynamics that occur as a consequence of the development of protected agriculture in the study area. The multi-temporal greenhouse maps were produced using random forest supervised classification at seven-time intervals, and the overall accuracy of the results greater than 90%. The total area of greenhouses in the study area expanded by 1061.94 km 2 from 1990 to 2018, with the largest growth occurring in 1995–2010. And a large number of increased greenhouses occurred in 10–35 km northwest and 0–5 km primary roads buffer zones. Differential change trajectories between the total area and number of patches of greenhouses were revealed using global change metrics. Results of five landscape metrics showed that various landscape patterns occurred in both spatial and temporal aspects. According to the value of landscape expansion index in each period, the growth mode of greenhouses was from outlying to edge-expansion and then gradually changed to infilling. Spatial heterogeneity, which measured by Shannon’s entropy, of the increased greenhouses was different between the global and local levels. These results demonstrated the advantage of utilizing Landsat imagery and Google Earth Engine for monitoring the development of greenhouses in a long-term period and provided a more intuitive perspective to understand the process of this special agricultural production approach than relevant social science studies.

Long-Term Mapping of a Greenhouse in a Typical Protected Agricultural Region Using Landsat Imagery and the Google Earth Engine

Functional Rehabilitation of the "Soil Reservoir" in Degraded Soils to Control Floods in the Yangtze River Watershed

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Functional Rehabilitation of the "Soil Reservoir" in Degraded Soils to Control Floods in the Yangtze River Watershed