The development of the three-dimensional flow and temperature fields in an MHD channel is studied. The partial-differential equations for the three momenta, the enthalpy, and the electrical fields are solved by a finitedifference calculation procedure. The turbulence phenomenon is represented by a two-equation turbulence model, in which additional equations are solved for the kinetic energy of turbulence and its dissipation rate. Calculations have been made for typical MHD channel conditions in the subsonic flow regime. Interesting secondary flow patterns have been observed to develop along the duct as the flow and electrical fields interact with each other. The detailed development of the three-dimensional flow, temperature, and electrical fields is presented.

Three-Dimensional Flow and Thermal Development in Magnetohydrodynamic Channels

Accurate estimates of convective and radiative heat transfer in the magnetohydrodynamic channel are provided by simultaneousl y solving the radiation transport equation and the quasi-three-dimensional gasdynamic equations. Carbon dioxide, water vapor, and potassium atoms are considered as the principal constituents participating in gas radiation. Calculations performed for a base load-size channel indicate that heat transfer by gas radiation almost equals that by convection for smooth walls, and amounts to three-fourths as much as the convective heat transfer for rough walls. The evolution of slag particles by homogeneous nucleation and condensation is also investigated. The slag particle size spectrum is computed as a function of the ash carryover rate from the combustor to channel. The average particle size is found to increase and the total number density to decrease with ash carryover rate.

Heat and Mass Transfer in MHD Channels

A model for calculating cross-plane current and electric field distributions in MHD generator channels is formulated and numerically solved. The chief advantage of this model is that its solution can be implemented on the IBM 3033 digital computer in less than 1 CPU second and thus the model can be conveniently coupled to a full three-dimensional gasdynamics analysis. The model is equally valid for Faraday, diagonal-insulating-sidewall, and diagonal-conducting-sidewall channels. Accuracy of the model is calibrated by comparing its predictions with the results of three-dimensional finite-segmentation analyses. The model is found to perform best for channels with low wall temperatures and low electrode pitch-to-height ratios and when the boundary layers are thick. A discussion is given of the roles of the nonuniformity in normal current density, as predicted by the model, leading to velocity overshoots in the boundary layers, and of the transverse nonuniformity in Hall current density, generating secondary flows.

Formulation and assessment of a cross-plane electrical model for magnetohydrodynamic channels.

Combined conduction, convection, gas radiation and particles radiation in MHD diffusers

The development of the three-dimensional flow and temperature fields in an MHD channel is studied. The partial-differential equations for the three momenta, the enthalpy, and the electrical fields are solved by a finite-difference calculation procedure. The turbulence phenomenon is represented by a two-equation turbulence model, in which additional equations are solved for the kinetic-energy of turbulence and its dissipation rate calculations have been made for typical MHD channel conditions in the subsonic flow regime. Interesting secondary flow patterns have been observed to develop along the duct as the flow and electrical fields interact with each other. The detailed development of the three-dimensional flow, temperature, and electrical fields is presented.

Three-dimensional flow and heat-transfer development in MHD channels

A set of two-dimensional turbulent boundary-layer equations that describe the three-dimensional fluid flow in a magnetohydrodynamic channel is outlined. The equations are solved by an implicit finite-difference scheme: a method of calculating the pressure gradient is used that avoids the need to iterate over the coefficients of the difference equations. The numerical method is tested by applying it to low- and high-speed flows over a flat plate. It is shown that the governing equations fully satisfy the three-dimensional conservation laws. The importance of accounting for three-dimensional effects is assessed, and an advanced technique for bringing out better the interaction between the boundary layers on sidewalls and electrode walls is discussed.

Quasi-three-dimensional modeling of flow in mhd channels

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Quasi-three-dimensional modeling of flow in mhd channels