D. B. Owen: Handbook of Statistical Tables. London: Pergamon Press; Reading, Massachusetts: Addison‐Wesley, 1962. Pp. xii+580. 70s.

Handbook of Statistical Tables.

The premature failure phenomenon that occurs in solid insulation under the application of repetitive impulse voltages is known as the accumulative effect of impulse voltages on a solid dielectric. The accumulative failure of winding insulation is considered to be a core problem resulting from this phenomenon. The main problems include the accumulative failure of motor winding insulation under pulse-width modulation impulses and the accumulative failure of transformer winding insulation under the application of overvoltages, and these problems represent new challenges in the safe and stable operation of power grids. With regards to the above problems, this study reviews the results of recent research on the accumulative failure characteristics and mechanisms of winding insulation when subjected to repetitive impulse voltages. The challenges faced are discussed at the end of this study.

Review of accumulative failure of winding insulation subjected to repetitive impulse voltages

Informal enterprises and their activities dominate the economy of the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, despise the increasing volume of eco-innovation research in recent years, the drivers of the eco-innovation of small medium enterprises (SMEs) in the informal sector remain largely unknown. Drawing from a triple theoretical anchoring method (entrepreneurship theory, shareholder theory, and resource theory), this study tests the validity of a set of eco-innovation drivers developed around the concept among firms of the informal sector in Ghana. The conceptual framework was tested using structural equation modeling and the data were obtained using the World Bank’s Ghana Informal Enterprise Survey (GIFS) as an area-based frame to survey 285 local entrepreneurs (n = 285). The results confirmed that informal enterprises do eco-innovate (mainly incremental innovation), and that innovation activities are driven by a government’s incentive regulations, market demand, and local entrepreneurs’ characteristic of hometown identity. This research highlights the contributions of the informal sector to sustainable development and draws the attention of policymakers, non-government agencies, and researchers on the drivers leading eco-innovation activities in the informal sector. The results could be used for future policy formulation.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/11/6903/pdf?version=1654491716

Assessment of Eco-Innovation Drivers within the Informal Sector in Ghana

In the present paper the problem of the reproduction of volt-time characteristics of MV insulators under standard and a short tail lightning impulses is considered. For this purpose models based on the disruptive effect, as proposed by Kind and modified by Chowdhuri, are applied. Aim of the paper is the optimal selection of the parameters values to be inserted in the two models for each stressing voltage shape, 1.2/50 mus (LI) and 1.2/4 mus (STLI).

Optimal selection of disruptive effect models parameters for the reproduction of MV insulators volt-time characteristics under standard and non standard lightning impulses

One of the most commonly used methods for predicting the strength of insulation subjected to lightning impulses of non-standard waveshapes is the Disruptive Effect Model, for which there are different procedures for the estimation of the parameters required for its application. This paper aims at analyzing the main methods for the determination of such parameters. The investigation is based on the comparison of the measured and calculated volt-time characteristics of a 15 kV pin-type porcelain insulator considering two short tail impulse waveshapes (1.2 /4 µs and 1.2 /10 µs), as well as the standard 1.2 /50 µs impulse voltage waveshape. The results relative to the positive and negative polarities of the three voltage waveshapes are presented and discussed.

Analysis of the disruptive effect model for the prediction of the breakdown characteristics of distribution insulators under non-standard lightning impulses

The paper presents the results of experimental tests performed with impulse voltage with short tail (STLI: 1.2/4 mus) on composite insulators in use in the MV distribution lines and electric traction lines. The voltage-time to breakdown characteristics under 1.2/4 mus waves are presented and compared with the characteristics under standard lightning impulse (LI: 1.2/50 mus). Models based on the disruptive effect, as proposed by Kind [9], and modified by Chowdhuri [13], are also considered and applied in order to predict the Volt-time characteristics under standard and non standard lightning voltages. The viability of the application of these models to the tested insulators is considered and discussed.

Breakdown characteristics of MV distribution and electric traction lines insulators stressed by standard and short tail lightning impulses

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Breakdown characteristics of MV distribution and electric traction lines insulators stressed by standard and short tail lightning impulses