Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are one of the advanced functional materials of today and has been researched extensively since its discovery. Although much is still not known about the physical and chemical properties of CNTs, it has already found potential applications in many industries, from defense to electronics and even in environmental remediation. CNTs possess many desirable mechanical and chemical properties, which supercedes many of the advanced materials of today. It was also found that CNTs have excellent electronic properties like unprecedented mobilities of up to 100,000 cm 2 /V s, which can potentially result in a quantum leap in the electronics industry. Over the recent years, CNT and their derivatives (decorated/functionalized) were also intensively studied, especially in the field of bio and chemical sensing owing to the size similarity of nanotubes with the analytes such as biospecies that enable strong interactions between them. However, despite intensive research, commercialization of these potential applications still remains elusive mainly due to the lack of control in synthesis of specific chirality, diameter and length of CNTs, which influences the device performance. This short review focuses on addressing recent advances in CNT research especially on aspects such as controlled synthesis, decoration/functionalization for specific recognition, sensor device fabrication and commercialization strategies.

A review on technological aspects influencing commercialization of carbon nanotube sensors

A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) modified with poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) was fabricated and used for detection of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) vapor, a simulant of nerve agents using a drop-coating method. Measurements were based on the frequency shifts due to the adsorption of DMMP vapor on the surface of the modified electrodes. It was found that frequency shifts were linear to the concentrations of analyte in the range of 5–60 ppm with a correlation coefficient of above 0.997. The influences of temperature and humidity on the sensors were also examined. Results showed that the sensitivity to DMMP vapor was almost identical in various humidity circumstances, and the sensitivity was higher in a lower temperature range.

PVDF coated quartz crystal microbalance sensor for DMMP vapor detection

Real time device for biosensing: design of a bacteriophage model using love acoustic waves.

The recent advances in sensor devices have allowed the developing of new applications in many technological fields. This review describes the current state-of-the-art of this sensor technology, placing special emphasis on the food applications. The design, technology and sensing mechanism of each type of sensor are analysed. A description of the main characteristics of the electronic nose and electronic tongue (taste sensors) is also given. Finally, the applications of some statistical procedures in sensor systems are described briefly.

/pdf/sensors-from-biosensors-to-the-electronic-nose-3uz66vuyq9.pdf

Sensors: From biosensors to the electronic nose

The paper presents a method for selection of polymers for SAW vapor sensing arrays. The method applies fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering algorithm on the solvation data for vapor-polymer sorptive interactions. The data set consists of equilibrium partition coefficients for target vapors in a large set of prospective polymers. The FCM algorithm sorts out polymers of similar characteristics into c fuzzy clusters, and subset of polymers representing the centers of these clusters are selected for making the sensor array. The partition coefficient data are calculated by using Abraham's linear-solvation-energy relationship (LSER), and the clustering algorithm considers the polymers as objects and the vapors as observables. The value of c ≥ 2 is determined by repeated clustering with c incremented by 1 until a common subset of polymers emerges that appears in every successive FCM implementation. The method is validated by simulation of SAW sensor arrays for detection of freshness and spoilage marker volatiles in headspace of milk and fish. The identification and concentration estimation are done by applying the radial basis function neural network on simulation data. It is suggested that the present FCM method of polymer selection prior to sensor fabrication could be helpful in optimizing performance and reducing cost of SAW electronic noses for various applications.

Polymer selection for SAW sensor array based electronic noses by fuzzy c-means clustering of partition coefficients: Model studies on detection of freshness and spoilage of milk and fish

Love-wave devices based on quartz piezoelectric substrate and SiO2 guiding layer coated with a specific polysiloxane polymer are used to detect organophosphorus compounds. This allows to study affinities of the polysiloxane polymer coating towards organophosphorus compounds, and to demonstrate the high sensitivity of love-wave devices for gas detection. We also present a theoretical model which describe wave propagation in love devices and allow to design optimized structures. Then, we discuss experimental results, in terms of interactions between sensor and vapor and in comparison to SAW results.

A love-wave gas sensor coated with functionalized polysiloxane for sensing organophosphorus compounds

We report on the application of Love-wave devices for organophosphorus detection. First, we propose a theoretical modelling of Love devices. Experimental results on organophosphorus detection are then exposed. Finally, we compare theses results to theoretical results and to SAW and SH-APM experimental results, and we present some conclusions.

Evaluation of Love waves chemical sensors to detect organophosphorus compounds: Comparison to SAW and SH-APM devices

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A love-wave gas sensor coated with functionalized polysiloxane for sensing organophosphorus compounds

Evaluation of Love waves chemical sensors to detect organophosphorus compounds: Comparison to SAW and SH-APM devices