The LHCb muon system consists of more than a thousand gas detectors, mostly MWPC, located in five different stations. The muon detector is used to define the muon trigger and to identify muons at the high-level triger and at the reconstruction stage. The first station of the muon detector, located in front of the calorimetric system, is made of 274 chambers. The 12 most irradiated chambers, the ones closer to the beam pipe, are double triple-GEM detectors with pad readout. These detectors have an active area of 200×240 mm2 and are routinely operated at rates close to 300 kHzlcm2. With the gas mixture used (Ar/CO22/CF4 at 45/15/40) these detectors have the requested efficiency (>96% in a 20 ns time window for the logical OR of the two sensitive gaps) when operated at gains of about 4300. In this presentation we will report on the performance of these 24 triple-GEM detectors after more than 2 years of operation in the harsh LHCb conditions. We will also show some problems occurred during data taking, in particular on the failure of a few GEM foils following repeated discharge phenomena, and the solutions implemented to reduce the occurrence of such problems.

/pdf/the-operational-experience-of-the-triple-gem-detectors-of-4eh1cya4f2.pdf

The operational experience of the triple-GEM detectors of the LHCb muon system: Summary of 2 years of data taking

Characterization of a thermal neutron beam monitor based on gas electron multiplier technology Gabriele Croci1,4,∗, Carlo Cazzaniga2,†, Gerardo Claps3,†, Marco Tardocchi1,†, Marica Rebai2,†, Fabrizio Murtas3,†, Espedito Vassallo1,†, Roberto Caniello1,†, Enrico Perelli Cippo1,†, Giovanni Grosso1,†, Valentino Rigato5,†, and Giuseppe Gorini2,4,† 1Istituto di Fisica del Plasma “P. Caldirola”, Associazione EURATOM-ENEA/CNR, Milano 20125, Italy 2Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Occhialini”, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano 20125, Italy 3Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati 0044, Italy 4Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano Bicocca, Milano 20125, Italy 5Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Legnaro 35020, Italy ∗E-mail: croci@ifp.cnr.it

/pdf/characterization-of-a-thermal-neutron-beam-monitor-based-on-5gq1ufqm1t.pdf

Characterization of a thermal neutron beam monitor based on gas electron multiplier technology

Triple GEM chamber has been selected to be used for the muon detection system (MUCH) in the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at the upcoming Facility for the Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR). Two prototype triple-GEM chambers filled with the mixture of argon and CO2 gases in the ratio of 70:30 were made of small-size (10 cm×10 cm) single-mask GEM foils and read by a self-triggered readout ASIC called nXYTER have been tested with pion beams at CERN. The readout electronics records the arrival times of GEM hits and of corresponding coincidence trigger signals separately. The distribution of time difference between GEM hits and respective triggers shows a peak demonstrating the time correlation between GEM hits and the trigger. The width (σ) of the time-correlation peak, which is related to the time resolution of the chamber, reduces with voltage approaching ≈ 12  ns at Δ V GEM of 335 V. Considering the hits inside the time-correlation peak to correspond to the beam trigger, the efficiency reaches a plateau at 95% at Δ GEM above 330 V. For a readout plane segmented by 3 mm×3 mm pads, on an average 1.2 pads are fired per trigger for pion beams at the operating voltage. The chamber shows a gain of ≈ 4000 at Δ V GEM of 350 V.

Testing of triple-GEM chambers for CBM experiment at FAIR using self-triggered readout electronics

The aim of this paper is to highlight very promising developments of a new family of micropattern gaseous detectors characterized by the presence in their layout of at least one resistive electrode. These novel detectors combine in one design the best features of RPCs (i.e. the protection against sparks) and conventional micropattern gaseous detectors (i.e. the high granularity and space resolution).

Advances in the development of micropattern gaseous detectors with resistive electrodes

The Well (micro-Well) Electron Multiplier with the DLC anode—a key element of the robust and fast 2D-position sensitive MPGD

Muon triggering and offline muon identification are fundamental requirements for the LHCb experiment, which will begin to take data at the start-up of the LHC machine. The identification of muon particles and an estimate of the transverse momentum ( Δ p T / p T ∼ 20 % ) in the near-beam area of the first muon station is achieved by a set of 12 double triple-GEM detectors which covers an area of about 0.6 m 2 . Since b-quark production is peaked in the forward direction, GEM detectors will trigger about 20% of muons from B-particle decays. In this paper the results of the detector quality checks on anode and cathode panels planarity, GEM foil HV test, chamber gas leak and gain uniformity are presented. The performance of a chamber, composed of two triple-GEM detectors logically OR-ed, has been measured in a recent test beam at the SPS, with particle bunches with a time structure of 25 ns similar to the LHC running conditions. In this test the final front-end electronics and the final LHCb DAQ have been used. This result demonstrates that the detector can achieve the required performances (efficiency larger than 96%) at a detector gain of 4000, thus ensuring a long detector lifetime in the harsh LHCb environment.

Status of triple GEM muon chambers for the LHCb experiment

The production of the triple-GEM detectors for the innermost region of the first muon station of the LHCb experiment has started in February 2006, and is foreseen to be completed by the end of July. The final design of the detector and the construction procedure and tools, as well as the quality controls are defined. The performances of each detector, composed by two triple-GEM chambers equipped with dedicated CARDIAC-GEM front-end electronics, are studied with a cosmic ray telescope. The cosmic ray telescope has been set up including all the final off-detector components.

/pdf/production-and-performance-of-lhcb-triple-gem-detectors-3foa4jgysg.pdf

Production and performance of LHCb triple-GEM detectors equipped with the dedicated CARDIAC-GEM front-end electronics

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Status of triple GEM muon chambers for the LHCb experiment

Production and performance of LHCb triple-GEM detectors equipped with the dedicated CARDIAC-GEM front-end electronics