A control method for distributed interconnected power generation units is developed. The power system comprises permanent-magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs), which are connected to each other through transformers and tie-lines. A derivative-free nonlinear Kalman filtering approach is introduced aiming at implementing sensorless control of the distributed power generators. In the proposed derivative-free Kalman filtering method, the generator's model is first subjected to a linearization transformation that is based on differential flatness theory and next state estimation is performed by applying the standard Kalman filter recursion to the linearized model. Unlike Lie algebra-based estimator design methods, the proposed approach provides estimates of the state vector of the PMSG without the need for derivatives and Jacobian calculation. Moreover, by redesigning the proposed derivative-free nonlinear Kalman filter as a disturbance observer, it is possible to estimate at the same time the nonmeasurable elements of each generator's state vector, the unknown input power (torque), and the disturbance terms induced by interarea oscillations. The efficient real-time estimation of the aggregate disturbance that affects each local generator makes possible to introduce a counterdisturbance control term, thus maintaining the power system on its nominal operating conditions.

Sensorless Control of Distributed Power Generators With the Derivative-Free Nonlinear Kalman Filter

To allow for high penetration of distributed generation and alternative energy units, it is critical to minimize the complexity of generator controls and the need for close coordination across regions. We propose that existing controls be replaced by a two-tier structure of local control operating within a global context of situational awareness. Flatness as an extension of controllability for nonlinear systems is a key to enable planning and optimization at various levels of the grid in this structure. In this study, flatness-based control for automatic generation control (AGC) of a multi-machine system with high penetration of wind energy is investigated. The local control tracks the reference phase which is obtained through economic dispatch at the global control level. As a result of applying the flatness-based method, the n machine system is decoupled into n linear controllable systems in canonical form. Therefore, the control strategy results in a distributed AGC formulation which is significantly easier to design and implement compared to conventional AGC. Practical constraints such as generator ramping rates can be considered in designing the local controllers. The proposed strategy demonstrates promising performance in mitigating frequency deviations and the overall structure could facilitate operation of other nontraditional generators.

/pdf/distributed-automatic-generation-control-using-flatness-4w7i4gq0lg.pdf

Distributed Automatic Generation Control Using Flatness-Based Approach for High Penetration of Wind Generation

In this paper, a novel approach for the design of an indirect adaptive fuzzy output tracking excitation control of power system generators is proposed. The method is developed based on the concept of differentially flat systems through which the nonlinear system can be written in canonical form. The flatness-based adaptive fuzzy control methodology is used to design the excitation control signal of a single machine power system in order to track a reference trajectory for the generator angle. The considered power system can be written in the canonical form and the resulting excitation control signal is shown to be nonlinear. In case of unknown power system parameters due to abnormalities, the nonlinear functions appearing in the control signal are approximated using adaptive fuzzy systems. Simulation results show that the proposed controller can enhance the transient stability of the power system under a three-phase to ground fault occurring near the generator terminals.

Flatness-based adaptive fuzzy output tracking excitation control for power system generators

The stability of electric power system (EPS) insures energy security of consumers. Therefore, saving the stability of EPS is the main task for professionals around the world. For its solution, a variety of activities is used. This publication deals with the description of the authors' experience for solving the task in the Tyumen power system. The hybrid real-time power system simulator (HRTSim) developed in Tomsk Polytechnic University was used as a platform for research carrying out. The study presents the research result fragments of the momentary and sustained fast turbine valving control (FTVC) which is one of the most effective ways of an automatic emergency control of power units in the thermal power station. Using the simulator HRTSim, one of the greatest challenges of electric power industry in Russia has been solved, i.e. FTVC adequate setting of the power units in the thermal power station Surgut GRES-2 in the Tyumen power system. An FTVC operation largely determines the reliability and stability of the EPS. Therefore, an incorrect setting may result in substantial disturbance or disruption of the stability that already occurred in the past. The adequacy of turbine and FTVC simulations is verified by comparing it with the real data.

https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.0356

Application of hybrid real-time power system simulator for research and setting a momentary and sustained fast turbine valving control

The rapid integration of wind power has begun to impact overall power system control, and particularly frequency control. On the other hand, power system sensor and measurement technologies have shown great improvement during the last decade. These technologies could allow for greater use of advanced control techniques based on wide-area measurement signals to mitigate the challenges related to wind and similar renewable resources integration. In this work, it is proposed that the Automatic Generation Control (AGC) can be performed using local Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), in two levels of trajectory generation and trajectory tracking, based on flat systems properties. The approach is implemented on NPCC system in presence of load changes and wind power variations.

Study of flatness-based Automatic Generation Control Approach on an NPCC system model

This paper focuses attention on the concept of flatness-based feedback linearization and its practical application to the design of an optimal transient controller for a synchronous machine. The feedback linearization scheme of interest requires the generation of a flat output from which the feedback control law can easily be designed. Thus the computation of the flat output for reduced order model of the synchronous machine with simplified turbine dynamics is hereby presented. The corresponding linearized compensator is derived as well as the nonlinear controller for transient stabilization of a synchronous machine subjected to large disturbances. The transient behavior of a single machine equipped with the so designed nonlinear controllers feeding an infinite bus is illustrated via simulation in Matlab environment. The results obtained for transient disturbances on the single machine infinite bus system (SMIBS) are presented and compared with other control algorithms to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

/pdf/flatness-based-feedback-linearization-of-a-synchronous-1kyaqoyjee.pdf

Flatness-Based Feedback Linearization of A Synchronous Machine Model With Static Excitation And Fast Turbine Valving

An optimal transient controller for a synchronous generator in a multi-machine power system is designed using the concept of flatness-based feedback linearization in this paper. The computation of the flat output and corresponding controller for reduced order model of the synchronous generator is presented. The required feedback gains used to close the linearization loop is optimized using particle swarm optimization for maximum damping. Typical results obtained for transient disturbances on a two-area, four-generator power system equipped with the proposed controller on one generator and conventional power system stabilizers on the remaining generators are presented. The effectiveness of the flatness-based controller for multi-machine power systems is discussed.

/pdf/particle-swarm-optimization-tuned-flatness-based-generator-4tu8pxpxka.pdf

Particle Swarm Optimization Tuned Flatness-Based Generator Excitation Controller

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Flatness-Based Feedback Linearization of A Synchronous Machine Model With Static Excitation And Fast Turbine Valving

Particle Swarm Optimization Tuned Flatness-Based Generator Excitation Controller