The glyoxalase system is present in the cytosol of cells and cellular organelles, particularly mitochondria. It is found throughout biological life and is thought to be ubiquitous. The widespread distribution and presence of the glyoxalase system in living organisms suggests it fulfils a function of fundamental importance to biological life. Recent investigations have brought new developments in the involvement of the glyoxalase in cell growth and vesicle mobilization, with increasing evidence of changes in the glyoxalase system during tumor growth and diabete mellitus, particularly relating to the development of associated clinical complications.

/pdf/the-glyoxalase-system-new-developments-towards-functional-2fyhgclezn.pdf

The glyoxalase system: new developments towards functional characterization of a metabolic pathway fundamental to biological life.

Raji, a human B-lymphoma cell line, expresses high levels of class II (Ia) antigens. The expression of Ia antigens is totally abolished at the level of specific mRNA accumulation in RJ 2.2.5, a variant cell line derived from Raji after mutagenesis and immunoselection. We report here that the human Ia antigen expression can be restored in interspecies somatic cell hybrids between RJ 2.2.5 cells and BALB/c-derived M12.4.1 (I-A+, I-E+) B-lymphoma cells. Two hybrid clones were studied in detail. In both clones Ia molecules of the DR and NG2 type were easily detected by cell surface immunofluorescence and specific immunoprecipitation. In contrast, the DQ1 molecules were not detected with the above technique. DNA hybridization experiments using specific probes indicated that alpha-chain DR and beta-chain DQ genes were present in the hybrids. However, RNA hybridization experiments revealed that beta-chain DQ mRNA was present in the hybrids at very low amount compared to alpha-chain DR-specific mRNA. These results indicate that at least several genes of the class II gene cluster are coordinately regulated by trans-acting factor(s) that operate across species barriers. The basis of the mechanisms controlling the expression of class II antigens in these human-mouse hybrids might be related to the extinction (lack of expression) or activation of tissue-specific traits that take place when genomes of cells of dissimilar developmental potentials are brought together.

Reactivation by a trans-acting factor of human major histocompatibility complex Ia gene expression in interspecies hybrids between an Ia-negative human B-cell variant and an Ia-positive mouse B-cell lymphoma.

Four DNA sequences that reveal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) on the short arm of human chromosome 6 have been identified. Two of these sequences were isolated from recombinant DNA libraries enriched for DNA from human chromosome 6, one was isolated as a subclone from a human DNA segment having homology to an HLA class I sequence, and one was isolated by virtue of its homology to part of the insulin gene. Genetic linkage was determined among these four polymorphic sequences and several genes known to be on chromosome 6: glyoxylase I (GLO1), HLA-DR alpha, HLA-DQ alpha, and HLA-B. Additionally, two of the four RFLPs were regionally localized by using 53 deletion cell lines that had been typed for HLA-A, -B, and -DR, and for glyoxylase I. A genetic map of the short arm of chromosome 6 has been constructed on the basis of linkage studies with the eight markers. The map spans a minimum of 60 recombinational units and will be useful in the study of HLA-associated diseases.

Construction of a map of the short arm of human chromosome 6

Hybrid cells have been recovered from selective culture medium after fusion of concanavalin-A-activated human lymphocytes with an AKR mouse thymoma (BW 5147). After 6 months of culture twenty-seven out of forty-nine clones still contained human chromosomes. Human chromosome 6 was present in 89% of these clones, and human X in 70%. Clones from one hybrid line contained several human chromosomes. In twelve of the clones carrying human chromosomes, the rosetting with sheep Erythrocytes (SRBC) was 3 times as high as In the BW 5147 cell line. All these clones Carried the human chromosome 6, and eight clones contained the human X chromosome as well. In some of these clones (25%) chromosome 6 was the only human one present. In the two clones In which human chromosome 6 was completely missing, the resetting with SRBC was at the level of the BW line. We therefore suggest that genes on human chromosome 6 are responsible for rosetting with SRBC.

Mouse/human T-cell hybrids rosetting with sheep erythrocytes.

Optimisation of non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of glyoxalase I phenotypes in clinical blood samples.

Linkage analysis of the data obtained from a three-generation Dutch family segregating for genetic variants of centromeric heterochromatic region in the band pi 1 on chromosome 6 (6ph), major histocompatibility (MHC) genes HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C, glyoxalase I (GLO) and phosphoglucomutase-3 (PGMg) showed that the genetic distance between the HLA gene cluster and 6ph is about 6 cM (at an estimated peak lod score of 3.466), that GLO is closer than HLA to the centromere and that PGM3 is probably not situated on the same chromosomal arm as HLA.

Orientation of major histocompatibility (MHC) genes relative to the centromere of human chromosome 6

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Orientation of major histocompatibility (MHC) genes relative to the centromere of human chromosome 6