Apelin, a peptide initially isolated from bovine stomach extract, is an endogenous ligand for the Apelin Receptor (APLNR). Subsequently, a second peptide, ELABELA, that can bind to the receptor has been identified. The Apelin receptor and its endogenous ligands are widely distributed in mammalian organs. A growing body of evidence suggests that this system participates in various signaling cascades that can regulate cell proliferation, blood pressure, fluid homeostasis, feeding behavior, and pituitary hormone release. Additional research has been done to elucidate the system’s potential role in neurogenesis, the pathophysiology of Glioblastoma multiforme, and the protective effects of apelin peptides on some neurological and psychiatric disorders-ischemic stroke, epilepsy, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s disease. This review discusses the current knowledge on the apelinergic system’s involvement in brain physiology in health and disease.

/pdf/distribution-function-and-expression-of-the-apelinergic-39qw0y5i.pdf

Distribution, Function, and Expression of the Apelinergic System in the Healthy and Diseased Mammalian Brain



This study aimed to assess the relationship between COVID-19 severity
and the plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor.



This cross-sectional study was conducted on 86 patients with COVID-19. A 5 ml venous
blood sample was taken on the first day of hospitalization. VEGF was measured with the
ELISA method using the Hangzhou East biopharm VEGF ELIZA Kit.



The mean age of patients was 56 ± 15 years. The mean plasma level of VEGF was
2877.07 ± 104.77 ng/ml. There was no significant relationship between VEGF levels and
COVID-19 severity (P = 0.55). The percentage of pulmonary infiltration > 50 in the severe group
(72.7%) was higher than that of the non-severe group (2.4%) (P = 0.001). There was a significant
relationship between COVID-19 severity and the levels of LDH, neutrophil/lymph ratio, and
CRP. Regarding medications, remdesivir was used more in the severe group (70.5%) than in the
non-severe group (45.2%) (P = 0.018).



Although plasma VEGF levels were higher in the severe group than in the non-severe
group, no significant relationship was found between the plasma level of VEGF and
COVID-19 severity, which might be due to the small sample size. VEGF may be a valuable scientific
marker, but in this study, it was not as useful as other markers in identifying COVID-19
severity. In addition, there was a direct and significant relationship between COVID-19 severity
and the inflammatory markers LDH, neutrophil/lymph, and CRP. Therefore, measurement of inflammatory
markers can assist in the early identification and prediction of severity and disease
progression in COVID-19.


The Relationship between COVID-19 Severity and Plasma Levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)



COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 and can lead to acute respiratory distress.



We aimed to investigate the association between COVID-19 severity and serum apelin-17 and inflammatory mediator levels.



This cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with COVID-19. COVID-19 infection was confirmed by the RT-PCR test. The patients' data were extracted from their records. Venous blood samples were obtained from the patients to investigate the serum levels of apelin-17 and inflammatory mediators.



Results: Eighty-six COVID-19 patients were studied. The mean age of the participants was 55.56±14.88, and 43 (50%) were male. Clinical symptoms were dyspnea 77.6%, fever 52.3%, cough 48.8%, gastrointestinal symptoms 15.1%, and chest pain 7%. The overall mortality rate was 7%. No significant relationship was found between serum apelin-17 levels and COVID-19 severity (P= 0.48). However, there was a significant and direct relationship between COVID-19 severity and serum levels of CRP (P= 0.038) and D-dimer (P= 0.029).



Serum apelin-17 levels were higher in recovered patients than those who died (4.90 vs. 3.19). Moreover, serum apelin-17 levels were higher in the patients admitted to the general ward than those admitted to the ICU (5.15 vs. 3.98). The difference was not statistically significant. However, there was a significant and direct relationship between serum apelin-17 levels and lymphocyte count (P= 0.022). Moreover, there was a significant and inverse relationship between lymphocyte count and COVID-19 severity (P= 0.004). Therefore, it can be interpreted that COVID-19 severity may decrease with an increase in serum apelin-17 levels. Therefore, to prove this hypothesis, a study with larger sample size is recommended.


Investigating COVID-19 Severity Based on Serum Apelin-17 levels and Inflammatory Mediators

Introduction: COVID-19&nbsp;is an acute, sometimes severe, respiratory&nbsp;illness&nbsp;caused by a novel&nbsp;coronavirus&nbsp;SARS-CoV-2. Aims and objectives: This study aimed to investigate the severity of COVID-19 based on serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 86 patients with COVID-19. They diagnosed using the RT-PCR test taken from the throat and nose. The patient9s demographic information were extracted from patients9 records. A 5-ml venous blood sample was taken from each patient. VEGF was measured with the ELISA method using the Hangzhou East biopharma VEGF ELIZA Kit. Results: The mean age of patients was 55.56±14.88 years old. Fifty percent were male. The most common clinical symptom in patients was shortness of breath (77.9%). The VEGF and CRP mean serum levels were 2877.07±104.77 ng/ml and 46.16±24.23 mm/hour, respectively. There was no significant relationship between VEGF levels and COVID-19 severity (P=0.55). The percentage of pulmonary involvement &gt; 50 in the severe group (72.7%) was higher than that of the non-severe group (2.4%) (P=0.001). There was a significant relationship between COVID-19 severity and the levels of LDH, neutrophil/lymph ratio, and CRP. Regarding medications, Remdesivir was used more in the severe group (70.5%) than in the non-severe group (45.2%) (P=0.018). Conclusions: Although serum VEGF levels were higher in severe group than non-severe group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Therefore, these inflammatory markers can assist in the initial evaluation of COVID-19. Physicians should monitor serum levels of LDH, neutrophil/lymph ratio, and CRP when admitting COVID-19 patients.

Investigating COVID-19 severity based on serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

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Investigating COVID-19 Severity Based on Serum Apelin-17 levels and Inflammatory Mediators

Investigating COVID-19 severity based on serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

The Relationship between COVID-19 Severity and Plasma Levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)