Autonomic communications seek to improve the ability of network and services to cope with unpredicted change, including changes in topology, load, task, the physical and logical characteristics of the networks that can be accessed, and so forth. Broad-ranging autonomic solutions require designers to account for a range of end-to-end issues affecting programming models, network and contextual modeling and reasoning, decentralised algorithms, trust acquisition and maintenance---issues whose solutions may draw on approaches and results from a surprisingly broad range of disciplines. We survey the current state of autonomic communications research and identify significant emerging trends and techniques.

A survey of autonomic communications

Security and privacy in electronic health records: A systematic literature review

As organizations increase their reliance on, possibly distributed, information systems for daily business, they become more vulnerable to security breaches even as they gain productivity and efficiency advantages. Though a number of techniques, such as encryption and electronic signatures, are currently available to protect data when transmitted across sites, a truly comprehensive approach for data protection must also include mechanisms for enforcing access control policies based on data contents, subject qualifications and characteristics, and other relevant contextual information, such as time. It is well understood today that the semantics of data must be taken into account in order to specify effective access control policies. Also, techniques for data integrity and availability specifically tailored to database systems must be adopted. In this respect, over the years, the database security community has developed a number of different techniques and approaches to assure data confidentiality, integrity, and availability. However, despite such advances, the database security area faces several new challenges. Factors such as the evolution of security concerns, the "disintermediation" of access to data, new computing paradigms and applications, such as grid-based computing and on-demand business, have introduced both new security requirements and new contexts in which to apply and possibly extend current approaches. In this paper, we first survey the most relevant concepts underlying the notion of database security and summarize the most well-known techniques. We focus on access control systems, on which a large body of research has been devoted, and describe the key access control models, namely, the discretionary and mandatory access control models, and the role-based access control (RBAC) model. We also discuss security for advanced data management systems, and cover topics such as access control for XML. We then discuss current challenges for database security and some preliminary approaches that address some of these challenges.

/pdf/database-security-concepts-approaches-and-challenges-3efa6njiby.pdf

Database security - concepts, approaches, and challenges

Recently, there has been considerable interest in attribute based access control (ABAC) to overcome the limitations of the dominant access control models (i.e, discretionary-DAC, mandatory-MAC and role based-RBAC) while unifying their advantages. Although some proposals for ABAC have been published, and even implemented and standardized, there is no consensus on precisely what is meant by ABAC or the required features of ABAC. There is no widely accepted ABAC model as there are for DAC, MAC and RBAC. This paper takes a step towards this end by constructing an ABAC model that has "just sufficient" features to be "easily and naturally" configured to do DAC, MAC and RBAC. For this purpose we understand DAC to mean owner-controlled access control lists, MAC to mean lattice-based access control with tranquility and RBAC to mean flat and hierarchical RBAC. Our central contribution is to take a first cut at establishing formal connections between the three successful classical models and desired ABAC models.

/pdf/a-unified-attribute-based-access-control-model-covering-dac-15ibp3x41m.pdf

A unified attribute-based access control model covering DAC, MAC and RBAC

Attribute-based access control (ABAC) is a promising alternative to traditional models of access control (i.e., discretionary access control (DAC), mandatory access control (MAC), and role-based access control (RBAC)) that is drawing attention in both recent academic literature and industry application. However, formalization of a foundational model of ABAC and large scale adoption is still in its infancy. The relatively recent emergence of ABAC still leaves a number of problems unexplored. Issues like delegation, administration, auditability, scalability, hierarchical representations, and the like, have been largely ignored or left to future work. This article provides a basic introduction to ABAC and a comprehensive review of recent research efforts toward developing formal models of ABAC. A taxonomy of ABAC research is presented and used to categorize and evaluate surveyed articles. Open problems are identified based on the shortcomings of the reviewed works and potential solutions discussed.

Current Research and Open Problems in Attribute-Based Access Control

We adapted the standard X.509 privilege management infrastructure to build an efficient role-based trust management system in which role assignments can be widely distributed among organizations, and an XML-based local policy determines which roles to trust and which privileges to grant. A simple Java API lets target applications easily incorporate the system. The Permis API has already proven its general utility in four very different applications throughout Europe.

Role-based access control with X.509 attribute certificates

In paper-based prescribing in the United Kingdom's National Health Service (NHS), patients are responsible for protecting the privacy of their prescription information while it is in transit from the prescriber to the dispenser. The UK government has introduced a plan for future NHS reform that includes a change from paper-based prescribing to a national electronic transfer of prescriptions (ETP) system. This brings with it concerns for patient data privacy and questions about the burden of trust placed on professionals in the ETP system. As recently seen in the Emilio Calatayud case in the United States, systems that contain an aggregation of identifiable personal information can be abused. A similar case could result from malpractice in an ETP system. We have developed and implemented an ETP system for the UK NHS. We present our system for protecting the privacy of patient data, describe how we implemented it in Java, and discuss how others can use our system for other applications both inside and outside the healthcare sector.

Patient privacy in electronic prescription transfer

This paper describes a policy driven role based access control system. The user's
roles, and the policy are stored in X509 Attribute Certificates. The policy, written in XML, describes who is trusted to allocate roles to users, and what permissions each role has. The DTD has been published at XML.org. Access control decisions are made by an Access Control Decision Function consisting of just three Java methods and a constructor. The decision is made according to the requested mode of access, the user’s trusted roles and the policy. A tool making and storing ACs is also described.

Implementing Role Based Access Controls UsingX.509 Attribute Certificates

This paper describes a system that allows the trust index of a Certification Authority (CA) to be computed both statically and dynamically. Static calculation is based on a CA's published Certificate Policy (CP) and Certification Practice Statement (CPS), whilst dynamic calculation is based on the actual current practices of the CA. At the heart of the system is an expert system that has knowledge about the factors that are important in computing the trust in a CA. Static calculation may be performed in one of two ways. In Method 1, the expert system asks the user (the CA's relying party) a series of questions, which he can answer by consulting the published CP/CPS of the CA. In Method 2, the expert system asks the same questions to a CPS Server, which takes its answers from an XML formatted CPS. This requires the CA administrator to first produce an XML formatted CPS, which we describe, and publish this in its LDAP directory along with its public key certificates and revocation lists. We describe the CPS server, which retrieves the XML CPS's as signed attribute certificates, and feeds answers to the questions posed by the expert system using a Simple SOAP protocol that we have designed. Dynamic calculation of the trust index may be based on information gathered from up to five sources: an Audit Certificate created by the external auditors of the CA, dynamic performance monitoring of the CA's rate of publication of Certificate Revocation Lists, information gathered by the relying party, information gathered by the subscriber, and information gathered about the vendor of the CA's PKI software. We have currently implemented the first two of these. The software has been written in Java and also provides tools that enable Audit Certificates and CPSs to be prepared and published.

/pdf/the-implementation-of-a-system-for-evaluating-trust-in-a-pki-507k16vd37.pdf

The Implementation of a System for Evaluating Trust in a PKI Environment

HDPoA: Honesty-based distributed proof of authority via scalable work consensus protocol for IoT-blockchain applications

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