The recent realistic estimate of fungal numbers which used various algorithms was between 2.2 and 3.8 million. There are nearly 100,000 accepted species of Fungi and fungus-like taxa, which is between 2.6 and 4.5% of the estimated species. Several forums such as Botanica Marina series, Fungal Diversity notes, Fungal Biodiversity Profiles, Fungal Systematics and Evolution—New and Interesting Fungi, Mycosphere notes and Fungal Planet have enhanced the introduction of new taxa and nearly 2000 species have been introduced in these publications in the last decade. The need to define a fungal species more accurately has been recognized, but there is much research needed before this can be better clarified. We address the evidence that is needed to estimate the numbers of fungi and address the various advances that have been made towards its understanding. Some genera are barely known, whereas some plant pathogens comprise numerous species complexes and numbers are steadily increasing. In this paper, we examine ten genera as case studies to establish trends in fungal description and introduce new species in each genus. The genera are the ascomycetes Colletotrichum and Pestalotiopsis (with many species or complexes), Atrocalyx, Dothiora, Lignosphaeria, Okeanomyces, Rhamphoriopsis, Thozetella, Thyrostroma (relatively poorly studied genera) and the basidiomycete genus Lepiota. We provide examples where knowledge is incomplete or lacking and suggest areas needing further research. These include (1) the need to establish what is a species, (2) the need to establish how host-specific fungi are, not in highly disturbed urban areas, but in pristine or relatively undisturbed forests, and (3) the need to establish if species in different continents, islands, countries or regions are different, or if the same fungi occur worldwide? Finally, we conclude whether we are anywhere near to flattening the curve in new species description.

The numbers of fungi: is the descriptive curve flattening?

Eighty-one genera and 152 species of anamorphic fungi were found on dead leaves of Pandanaceae, collected in 14 countries (Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Fiji, Hawaii, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Mauritius, Nepal, New Zealand, Niue, Philippines, Seychelles, Vanuatu, Vietnam). This includes three new genera of anamorphic fungi (Dichotophora, Ramicapitulum, Sporotretophora) and 20 new species (Arthrowallemia lammaensis, Berkleasmium atroapicale, Cryptophiale fruticetum, Cryptophiale hamulata, Dichotophora asetosa, Dichotophora setiramosa, Dictyosporium acroinflatum, Dictyosporium pandani, Endophragmiella pandani, Endophragmiella queenslandica, Gliomastix pandani, Hemicorynespora mauritiana, Ityorhoptrum sphaericosporum, Mycoleptodiscus freycinetiae, Ramicapitulum chinense, Ramoconidiifera seychellensis, Spadicoides australiensis, Spegazzinia cruciata, Sporotretophora punctata, Thozetella serrata). The new combination Berkleasmium monilicellulare and new name Ramoconidiifera neonominata are also proposed. Each genus is headed with a full bibliographic reference, type species and its associated bibliographic reference, a brief characterisation and discussion regarding taxonomic issues of importance within the genus, and reference to preceding work within the genus. Specimens identified as currently known species are written up with bibliographic details, some relevant measurements of the current specimens, known habitat and distribution, collection details, and a discussion regarding the taxonomic conclusions drawn. Any additional information deemed to be of taxonomic importance is noted, especially if the current specimens differ morphologically or dimensionally from the original described specimen. Taxa confirmed as new to science are written up with a full description, etymology of the specific epithet, known habitat and distribution, collection details, and a discussion of relevant details defending the introduction of a new taxon. New taxa are illustrated with a photographic plate showing macro- and microscopic details relevant to the specimen in question. Keys and/or synoptic tables are provided to all species in 28 genera.

Anamorphic Fungi Associated with Pandanaceae

All three species of the genus Campylospora (C. chaetocladia, C. filicladia and C. parvula) were found in foam samples collected in water bodies of three areas in the semiarid region, northeast Brazil. Campylospora filicladia is a new record for Brazil. Descriptions, comments, geographical distribution, illustrations and a key to the genus is provided.

/pdf/ingoldian-fungi-from-semiarid-caatinga-biome-of-brazil-the-3cjpdln7hw.pdf

Ingoldian fungi from semiarid Caatinga biome of Brazil. The genus Campylospora

During investigation of conidial fungi from dead plant material in an area of extreme biological importance at Caatinga biome, municipality of Morro do Chapeu, Bahia State, Brazil, some new records for American continent, South America, Neotropics, and Brazil were found. Dendryphiopsis biseptata Morgan-Jones, R.C. Sinclair & Eicker and Virgariella atra S. Hughes are new records for American continent; Dictyochaeta matsushimae (Hewings & J.L. Crane) Whitton, McKenzie & K.D. Hyde and Endophragmiella boothii (M.B. Ellis) S. Hughes are reported for the first time for Neotropics; Anungitea palustris R.F. Castaneda & W.B. Kendr., Dictyochaeta anamorfic of Chaetosphaeria dingleyae S. Hughes, W.B. Kendr. & Shoemaker, Dictyochaeta anamorfic of Chaetosphaeria pulchriseta S. Hughes, W.B. Kendr. & Shoemaker, Eversia parvula Hol.-Jech., Gyrothrix hughesii Piroz. and Minimelanolocus navicularis (R.F. Castaneda) R.F. Castaneda are new records to South America; Endophragmiella pallescens B. Sutton, Helicoubisia coronata Lunghini & Rambelli and Selenodriella ponmudiensis (Varghese & V.G. Rao) R.F. Castaneda & Saikawa are reported for the first time for Brazil. Description, comments, geographical distribution and illustrations are presented for these species. Key words: anamorfic fungi, biodiversity, taxonomy.

/pdf/fungos-conidiais-do-bioma-caatinga-ii-novos-registros-para-o-1ggmhoyxd0.pdf

Fungos conidiais do bioma Caatinga II. Novos registros para o continente americano, Neotrópico, América do Sul e Brasil

Fungos conidiais do bioma Caatinga II. Novos registros para o continente americano, Neotrópico, América do Sul e Brasil / Conidial fungi of Caatinga biome II. New records for American continent, Neotropics, South America and Brazil

Brachydesmiella eugecapiellana anam. sp. nov., found on decaying fallen leaves of Nectandra sp. in a cloud forest from Venezuela, is described and illustrated. This is characterized by navicular, ampulliform to narrow fusiform, rostrate, 2-3-septate, verruculose, very pale brown conidia. Selenodriella ponmudiensis comb. nov. is proposed. Some microfungi are recorded from cloud forests in Venezuela.

Microfungi from Venezuela. A new species of Brachydesmiella, a new combination, and new records

Arachnospora insolita anam. gen. et sp. nov. found on rotten leaves of an unidentified plant in Banao, Cuba is described and illustrated. It is distinguished by solitary, spider-shaped, brown conidia, which are detached by rhexolytic conidial secession. Twenty-five other hyphomycetes collected in the same locality are recorded.

Arachnospora insolita, a new genus and species, and some other hyphomycetes from Banao, Sancti Spiritus Province, Cuba

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Microfungi from Venezuela. A new species of Brachydesmiella, a new combination, and new records

Arachnospora insolita, a new genus and species, and some other hyphomycetes from Banao, Sancti Spiritus Province, Cuba