Solar radiation and age-related macular degeneration.

This paper reviews the biosynthesis and physicochemical properties of the ocular melanin. Age-related changes of melanin granules and the corresponding formation of lipofuscin pigments in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) are also described. Adverse photoreactions of the eye and, in particular, light-induced damage to the RPE-retina are reviewed in relation to the ocular pigmentation. A hypothesis on the photoprotective role of the RPE melanin is presented that is based on the ability of the cellular melanin to bind redoxactive metal ions. Since bound-to-melanin metal ions are expected to be less damaging to the pigment cells, it is proposed that sequestration of heavy metal ions by the RPE melanin is an efficient detoxifying mechanism. It is postulated that oxidative degradation of RPE melanin may lower its metal-binding capability and decrease its anti-oxidant efficiency. Cellular and environmental factors that may contribute to possible oxidative damage of the RPE melanin are discussed in connection with the etiology of age-related macular degeneration.

Properties and function of the ocular melanin--a photobiophysical view.

Action Spectrum for Retinal Injury from Near-Ultraviolet Radiation in the Aphakic Monkey

The ability of light to enact damage on the neurosensory retina and underlying structures has been well understood for hundreds of years. While the eye has adapted several mechanisms to protect itself from such damage, certain exposures to light can still result in temporal or permanent damage. Both clinical observations and laboratory studies have enabled us to understand the various ways by which the eye can protect itself from such damage. Light or electromagnetic radiation can result in damage through photothermal, photomechanical, and photochemical mechanisms. The following review seeks to describe these various processes of injury and many of the variables, which can mitigate these modes of injury.

/pdf/retinal-light-toxicity-3c02qv4tz0.pdf

Retinal light toxicity

Laser eye injuries.

The nature of retinal radiation damage: Dependence on wavelength, power level and exposure time

The paper of Verhoeff and Bell (1) in 1916 became a landmark in the history of radiation injury to the retina. These authors demonstrated that high intensities of light on the retina produced burn lesions. In their own words, “our experiments show with the utmost distinctness that the effects known as eclipse blindness are wholly thermic, due to the intense concentrations of the solar energy upon the retina by the refracting system of the eye itself forming an image of destructive energy intensity---”. This emphasis on thermal injury, particularly for solar retinitis and eclipse blindness, tended during the ensuing years to obfuscate other possible effects of light on retinal tissue.

Solar Retinopathy as a Function of Wavelength: Its Significance for Protective Eyewear

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The nature of retinal radiation damage: Dependence on wavelength, power level and exposure time

Solar Retinopathy as a Function of Wavelength: Its Significance for Protective Eyewear