Systeme unifie de communication a programmation regroupant les communications de l'art anterieur (telles que par exemple la television, la radio, l'impression transmise electroniquement, et les communications par ordinateur) ainsi que les nouveaux mass medias specifiques aux utilisateurs. Unified programming communication system involving communications of the prior art (such as eg television, radio, print transmitted electronically, and computer communications) and new mass media specific users. Dans le systeme unifie, des moyens (205) et procedes mettant en oeuvre des systemes d'ordinateurs ont la capacite de produire des informations specifiques a un utilisateur particulier, simultanement a chaque poste (26) d'une pluralite de postes d'abonnes (26). In the unified system, means (205) and methods employing computer systems have the ability to generate specific information to a particular user, simultaneously with each station (26) a plurality of subscriber stations ( 26).

Signal processing apparatus and methods.

A unified system of programing communication. The system encompasses the prior art (television, radio, broadcast hardcopy, computer communications, etc.) and new user specific mass media. Within the unified system, parallel processing computer systems, each having an input (e.g., 77) controlling a plurality of computers (e.g., 205), generate and output user information at receiver stations. Under broadcast control, local computers (73, 205), combine user information selectively into prior art communications to exhibit personalized mass media programming at video monitors (202), speakers (263), printers (221), etc. At intermediate transmission stations (e.g., cable television stations), signals in network broadcasts and from local inputs (74, 77, 97, 98) cause control processors (71) and computers (73) to selectively automate connection and operation of receivers (53), recorder/players (76), computers (73), generators (82), strippers (81), etc. At receiver stations, signals in received transmissions and from local inputs (225, 218, 22) cause control processors (200) and computers (205) to automate connection and operation of converters (201), tuners (215), decryptors (224), recorder/players (217), computers (205), furnaces (206), etc. Processors (71, 200) meter and monitor availability and usage of programming.

Signal processing appparatus and methods

A computer system in a fault-tolerant configuration employees multiple identical CPUs executing the same instruction stream, with multiple, identical memory modules in the address space of the CPUs storing duplicates of the same data. The system detects faults in the CPUs and memory modules, and places a faulty unit offline while continuing to operate using the good units. The faulty unit can be replaced and reintegrated into the system without shutdown. The multiple CPUs are loosely synchronized, as by detecting events such as memory references and stalling any CPU ahead of others until all execute the function simultaneously; interrupts can be synchronized by ensuring that all CPUs implement the interrupt at the same point in their instruction stream. Memory references via the separate CPU-to-memory busses are voted at the three separate ports of each of the memory modules. I/O functions are implemented using two identical I/O busses, each of which is separately coupled to only one of the memory modules. A number of I/O processors are coupled to both I/O busses. I/O devices are accessed through a pair of identical (redundant) I/O processors, but only one is designated to actively control a given device; in case of failure of one I/O processor, however, an I/O device can be accessed by the other one without system shutdown.

Fault-tolerant computer system with online recovery and reintegration of redundant components

A controller operable to control an array of processing elements comprises a retrieval unit operable to retrieve instruction items for each of a plurality of instructions streams, each instruction stream having a plurality of instructions items, a combining unit operable to combine the plurality of instruction streams into a serial instruction stream, and a distribution unit operable to distribute the serial instruction stream to an array of processing elements.

Parallel data processing apparatus

A fault-tolerant computer system employs a power supply system including a battery backup so that upon AC power failure the system can execute an orderly shutdown, saving state to disk. A restart procedure restores the state existing at the time of power failure if the AC power has been restored by the time the shutdown is completed. This powerfail/autorestart procedure may be implemented in a fault-tolerant multiprocessor configuration having multiple identical CPUs executing the same instruction stream, with multiple, identical memory modules in the address space of the CPUs storing duplicates of the same data. The system detects faults in the CPUs and memory modules, and places a faulty unit offline while continuing to operate using the good units. The multiple CPUs are loosely synchronized, as by detecting events such as memory references and stalling any CPU ahead of others until all execute the function simultaneously; interrupts can be synchronized by ensuring that all CPUs implement the interrupt at the same point in their instruction stream. Memory references via the separate CPU-to-memory busses are voted at the three separate ports of each of the memory modules. I/O functions are implemented using two identical I/O busses, each of which is separately coupled to only one of the memory modules. A number of I/O processors are coupled to both I/O busses. I/O devices are accessed through a pair of identical (redundant) I/O processors, but only one is designated to actively control a given device; in case of failure of one I/O processor, however, an I/O device can be accessed by the other one without system shutdown.

Fault-tolerant computer system with auto-restart after power-fall

Apparatus in a data processing system to initialize a semaphore held in a memory field of the data processing system or, alternatively, to restore the semaphore to a previous predetermined state. A count field, or tally field, provided in the semaphore is initialized by a particular instruction. The semaphore can be either a non-message semaphore or a message semaphore. The instruction initializes the semaphore count field of a non message semaphore to zero or a preloaded positive value. For a message semaphore, this instruction initializes the count field to zero. If the message semaphore previously had a positive count, the messages tied to the semaphore are released and the message links holding the messages are transferred to a free message link queue tied to the free link semaphore in the same semaphore descriptor segment. The apparatus includes a retrieving member for reading the content of the semaphore in the memory of the data processing system, a testing member for testing the count field of the semaphore for generating a first signal when the count field represents the number of processes in queue and a second signal when the count field represents the number of times a particular kind of event has occurred, a changing unit responsive to the second signal and controlled by the particular instruction for changing the number inside the count field to a predetermined number and a control member responsive to the first signal and controlled by the particular instruction for controlling the data processing system to cease execution of the particular instruction and to begin to execute a different instruction.

Apparatus and method for semaphore initialization in a multiprocessing computer system for process synchronization

An information structure called a semaphore serves as a signalling mechanism in process synchronization. The semaphore is used to relate a process and an event which do not appear simultaneously. In accomplishing this, the semaphore is capable of storing the presence of events or resources waiting for processes or, alternatively, the presence of processes waiting for events or resources via a queue.

Process synchronization utilizing semaphores

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Apparatus and method for semaphore initialization in a multiprocessing computer system for process synchronization

Process synchronization utilizing semaphores