Wireless power transmission (WPT) is a critical technology that provides an alternative for wireless power and communication with implantable medical devices (IMDs). This article provides a study concentrating on popular WPT techniques for IMDs including inductive coupling, microwave, ultrasound, and hybrid wireless power transmission (HWPT) systems. Moreover, an overview of the major works is analyzed with a comparison of the symmetric and asymmetric design elements, operating frequency, distance, efficiency, and harvested power. In general, with respect to the operating frequency, it is concluded that the ultrasound-based and inductive-based WPTs have a low operating frequency of less than 50 MHz, whereas the microwave-based WPT works at a higher frequency. Moreover, it can be seen that most of the implanted receiver’s dimension is less than 30 mm for all the WPT-based methods. Furthermore, the HWPT system has a larger receiver size compared to the other methods used. In terms of efficiency, the maximum power transfer efficiency is conducted via inductive-based WPT at 95%, compared to the achievable frequencies of 78%, 50%, and 17% for microwave-based, ultrasound-based, and hybrid WPT, respectively. In general, the inductive coupling tactic is mostly employed for transmission of energy to neuro-stimulators, and the ultrasonic method is used for deep-seated implants.

/pdf/wireless-power-transfer-approaches-for-medical-implants-a-1otgwfy743.pdf

Wireless Power Transfer Approaches for Medical Implants: A Review

Rapid development in the field of tissue engineering necessitates implementation of monitoring methods for evaluation of the viability and characteristics of the cell cultures in a real-time, non-invasive and non-destructive manner. Current monitoring techniques are mainly histological and require labeling and involve destructive tests to characterize cell cultures. Bioimpedance measurement technique which benefits from measurement of electrical properties of the biological tissues, offers a non-invasive, label-free and real-time solution for monitoring tissue engineered constructs. This review outlines the fundamentals of bioimpedance, as well as electrical properties of the biological tissues, different types of cell culture constructs and possible electrode configuration set ups for performing bioimpedance measurements on these cell cultures. In addition, various bioimpedance measurement techniques and their applications in the field of tissue engineering are discussed.

/pdf/applications-of-bioimpedance-measurement-techniques-in-2bikqyzy4y.pdf

Applications of Bioimpedance Measurement Techniques in Tissue Engineering.

Globally recognized as emergent contaminants, microplastics (MPs) are prevalent in aquaculture habitats and subject to intense management. Aquaculture systems are at risk of microplastic contamination due to various channels, which worsens the worldwide microplastic pollution problem. Organic contaminants in the environment can be absorbed by and interact with microplastic, increasing their toxicity and making treatment more challenging. There are two primary sources of microplastics: (1) the direct release of primary microplastics and (2) the fragmentation of plastic materials resulting in secondary microplastics. Freshwater, atmospheric and marine environments are also responsible for the successful migration of microplastics. Until now, microplastic pollution and its effects on aquaculture habitats remain insufficient. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the impact of microplastics on aquatic ecosystems. It highlights the sources and distribution of microplastics, their physical and chemical properties, and the potential ecological consequences they pose to marine and freshwater environments. The paper also examines the current scientific knowledge on the mechanisms by which microplastics affect aquatic organisms and ecosystems. By synthesizing existing research, this review underscores the urgent need for effective mitigation strategies and further investigation to safeguard the health and sustainability of aquatic ecosystems. 

Insight into microplastics in the aquatic ecosystem: Properties, sources, threats and mitigation strategies.

Electrical detection of biotic materials and their properties is always crucial in Biomedical Engineering. It emphasizes elaborate analysis of a certain disease diagnosis using electrical means which includes the study of electrical properties followed by detection, identification, and quantification of biotic entities. Proper and early detection of cells, which can be normal or cancerous, holds never-ending demand. This review emphasizes the electrical characterization methods in modeling and classification of cell properties. Moreover, standard methods have been highlighted and discussed to yield performance analysis. This study suggests that techniques presented for single-cell analysis (SCA) are always precise and hold great scope compared to those for cell mixture. SCA plays a promising role in disease diagnosis and treatment planning, as it not only detects the cells but also helps in identification. Distinct electrical-based cell detection techniques are highlighted, along with the pros and cons of various SCA devices. The content, in terms of methodologies and available techniques, of this review paper is useful to attract researchers working in this area.

/pdf/cells-electrical-characterization-dielectric-properties-3neyfquehi.pdf

Cells Electrical Characterization: Dielectric Properties, Mixture, and Modeling Theories

Celluloid, the predecessor to plastic, was synthesized in 1869, and due to technological advancements, plastic products appear to be ubiquitous in daily life. The massive production, rampant usage, and inadequate disposal of plastic products have led to severe environmental pollution. Consequently, reducing the employment of plastic has emerged as a pressing concern for governments globally. This review explores microplastics, including their origins, absorption, and harmful effects on the environment and humans. Several methods exist for breaking down plastics, including thermal, mechanical, light, catalytic, and biological processes. Despite these methods, microplastics (MPs, between 1 and 5 mm in size) continue to be produced during degradation. Acknowledging the significant threat that MPs pose to the environment and human health is imperative. This form of pollution is pervasive in the air and food and infiltrates our bodies through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact. It is essential to assess the potential hazards that MPs can introduce. There is evidence suggesting that MPs may have negative impacts on different areas of human health. These include the respiratory, gastrointestinal, immune, nervous, and reproductive systems, the liver and organs, the skin, and even the placenta and placental barrier. It is encouraging to see that most of the countries have taken steps to regulate plastic particles. These measures aim to reduce plastic usage, which is essential today. At the same time, this review summarizes the degradation mechanism of plastics, their impact on human health, and plastic reduction policies worldwide. It provides valuable information for future research on MPs and regulatory development.

Sources, Degradation, Ingestion and Effects of Microplastics on Humans: A Review

Microplastics in the environment can absorb and interact with organic pollutants, altering their toxic effects and making microplastics more difficult to treat. Previous reports have focused on the source, distribution and ecotoxicity of microplastics in different environmental substrates. Microplastics come from two main sources: (1) a significant direct input of primary microplastics (2) secondary microplastics resulting from the fragmentation of larger plastic materials. Microplastics can migrate through atmospheric, freshwater, marine and terrestrial environments. To investigate, uniform methods for monitoring and examining microplastics will be developed and combined with source tracking technologies to research their environmental impact. Microplastics (including additives) can be inadvertently ingested by organisms, and cause physical damage, a wide range of biological, physiological behaviors and molecular effects. Microplastics can present combined toxicity to the organism due to its role as a vector of chemical pollutants in ecosystems. Moreover, key recommendations are made for future research, and we call for additional efforts to focus on the occurrence and fate of microplastics in terrestrial environments, particularly in the atmosphere and soil, and to further investigate the mechanisms of microplastic toxicity. 

New insights in to the environmental behavior and ecological toxicity of microplastics

Dielectric parameters vary with frequencies are important properties of biological systems, which determine the absorption rates of electromagnetic radiation in human body. Two phase dielectric model is considered to investigate the dielectric properties of human blood in this paper. This paper systematically calculates the body's specific absorption rate of electromagnetic fields at low frequencies based on the dielectric properties obtained from the Debye model. This study could lay foundation not only for the theoretical basis for further study on electrical properties of biological tissue, but also for the exposure limits of health standard on electromagnetic radiation.

/pdf/equivalent-permittivity-based-on-debye-model-of-blood-and-353y4spawj.pdf

Equivalent Permittivity Based on Debye Model of Blood and Its SAR

ADPKD is associated with large interfamilial and intrafamilial variability [1]. Many scientists studied the mechanism [2-5] of the ADPKD and its treatment from various methods [6-8]. Form the genome perspective, there are two mutations have been found to be associated with adpkdPKD1 and PKD2 [9-12]. They are respectively on the 16th and 4th chromosomes [13-15]. Most of the ADPKD are caused by PKD1 mutation. Most of the patients with ADPKD may require dialysis or kidney transplantation eventually [16-18]. Therefore, it is necessary to study the ADPKD from the perspective of genome. Many scientists such as Tao Yang, et al, explored the novel mutations of PKD1 gene in Chinese patients with ADPKD by targeted nextgeneration sequencing [19], Consugar, et al. studied the characteristics of large rearrangements in ADPKD and the PKD1/TSC2 contiguous gene syndrome [20]. Furthermore, Pathogenicity [21], inactivation [22], development [23] of the PKD1 were also studied by many scientists. In this paper, based on the previous studies, the codon usage characteristics of PKD1 and PKD2 gene is cauculated via the CodonW, and analyzed via the PR2-bias plot analysis: A3 / (A3 + T3) vs. G3 / (G3 + C3) . Then the RSCU values of PKD1 and PKD2 are plotted and discussed.

/pdf/codon-usage-of-autosomal-dominant-polycystic-kidney-disease-35c8nihseg.pdf

Codon Usage of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Genes PKD1 and PKD2

Panax ginseng is a commonly used herb in traditional Chinese medicine with a wide range of valuable medicinal usages. Modern pharmacology studies reveal that the Panax ginseng has great immune enhancement function. Translation initiation factor eIF-5a is one of its active proteins which have important function. In this paper, several physical and chemical fundamental characteristics such as isoelectric point and the hydrophobicity, etc, of translation initiation factor eIF-5a are studied. The molecular weight of translational initiation factor eIF-5a in Panax ginseng is 17221.44, its theoretical isoelectric point is 5.46, the instability index of translational initiation factor eIF-5a is 29.93, it could be concluded that its structure is stable from the results. There is none transmembrane regions and signal peptide cleavage sites in amino acid sequences of the translation initiation factor eIF-5a. Then, the secondary structure, 3D structure and phosphorylation sites of translation initiation factor eIF-5a are predicted. The results show that the number of potential phosphorylation sites of translation initiation factor eIF-5a is 19 (potential value > 0.5). All these result benefit for further study on function and usage of translation initiation factor eIF-5a plant. Correspondence to: Li Gun, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China, E-mail: ligun@xatu.edu.cn

/pdf/bioinformatics-study-on-translational-initiation-factor-eif-4ipmb5bwe5.pdf

Bioinformatics study on translational initiation factor eIF-5a in Panax ginseng

Permittivity of biological tissue is a critical issue for studying the biological effects of electromagnetic fields. Many theories and experiments were performed to measure or explain the permittivity characteristics in biological tissue. In this paper, we investigate the permittivity parameter in biological tissues via theoretical and experimental analysis. Firstly, we analyze the permittivity characteristic in tissue by using theories on composite material. Secondly, typical biological tissues, such as blood, fat, liver, and brain, are measured by HP4275A Multi-Frequency LCR Meter within 10 kHz to 10 MHz. Thirdly, experimental results are compared with the Bottcher-Bordewijk model, the Skipetrov equation, and the Maxwell-Gannett theory. From the theoretical perspective, blood and fat are regarded as the composition of liver and brain because of the high permittivity in blood and the opposite in fat. Volume fraction of blood in liver and brain is analyzed theoretically, and the applicability and the limitation of the models are also discussed. These results benefit further study on local biological effects of electromagnetic fields.

/pdf/effective-permittivity-of-biological-tissue-comparison-of-3mtvbj4i5o.pdf

Effective Permittivity of Biological Tissue: Comparison of Theoretical Model and Experiment

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