Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA): capabilities and potential developments.

Fertilization success cannot be attributed solely to the absolute number of vital, motile, morphologically normal spermatozoa inseminated into the female but more especially to their functional competence. A range of in vitro tests has therefore been developed to monitor crucial aspects of sperm function: their ability to adapt to changing osmotic conditions, to bind to the oviductal epithelium, and to undergo capacitation in an appropriate and timely manner. The tests employ flow cytometry in conjunction with fluorescent techniques, electronic cell counting, and computer-assisted image area analysis. The highly quantitative analysis provided by electronic sizing and flow cytometry enables assessment of representative cell numbers in a very short time with high reproducibility. More importantly, it allows the detection of physiological heterogeneity within an ejaculate in terms of the development of cell subpopulations and enables the kinetic analysis of changes in living cell suspensions. The tests offer a promising strategy for evaluating fertility in domestic animals. The capability for volume regulation ensures that sperm recover from the tonic shocks experienced at ejaculation and during cryopreservation. Assessment of capacitation in vitro provides valuable information on both the sperm's ability to respond to fertilizing conditions and the sequence and rates of ongoing capacitation/destabilization processes. The monitoring of response to capacitating conditions in kinetic terms allows the sensitive and adequate detection of sperm populations expressing fertilization attributes and their ability to respond to external stimuli in a timely manner. However, subfertility is likely to be associated with a suboptimal response (i.e. too high or too low) rather than a minimal response.

/pdf/determinants-of-sperm-quality-and-fertility-in-domestic-2f39kzkh4r.pdf

Determinants of sperm quality and fertility in domestic species

Genetic parameters of claw and foot disorders estimated with logistic models.

Sperm viability, reactive oxygen species, and DNA fragmentation index combined can discriminate between above- and below-average fertility bulls

The aim of the present study was to determine the suitability of using two egg yolk-free commercial extenders, Andromed and Biociphos Plus as compared with the Tris-egg yolk based diluent Biladyl, for the cryopreservation of bull spermatozoa when the freezing protocol involved holding the extended semen at 4 degrees C for 18 h before the freezing. Six ejaculates from each of 10 Holstein bulls were collected by using artificial vagina. The ejaculates were evaluated for volume, sperm concentration and motility, divided in to three equal volumes, and diluted, respectively, with the three extenders as specified above. Extended semen was equilibrated for 18 h at 4 degrees C and frozen in 0.25-ml straws. After thawing, 100-mul aliquots of semen were labelled with SYBR-14, PI and PE-PNA (Phycoerythrin-conjugated Peanut agglutinin) and analysed by flow cytometry at 0, 3, 6 and 9 h after incubation at 37 degrees C. A General Lineal Model procedure for repeated measures was used to determine the effects of extender, bull, replicate and the interaction between them, on sperm viability and acrosomal integrity. Semen samples frozen with Biladyl showed higher (p < 0.001) sperm survival after 0 h (47.9%) and 9 h (30.3%) of incubation than those frozen with Andromed (38.5% and 17.3%, after 0 and 9 h respectively) or Biociphos Plus (34.9% and 21.6%, after 0 and 9 h respectively). The bull and replicate had significant effects (p < 0.001) on both sperm viability and acrosomal integrity, but the interactions between bull and extender and between replicate and extender were not significant. It was concluded that, when holding the semen overnight before freezing, the use of Biladyl results in higher sperm survival and longevity than the use of Andromed or Biociphos Plus.

Post‐thaw Survival and Longevity of Bull Spermatozoa Frozen with an Egg Yolk‐based or Two Egg Yolk‐free Extenders after an Equilibration Period of 18 h

A newly developed flow cytometric method for determination of sperm concentration and viability was tested in an insemination trial with cryopreserved bull sperm to establish the relationship between sperm viability and nonreturn rates. Semen for experimental inseminations was produced from 157 young sires (114 Holstein and 43 Jersey), each contributing 4 experimental semen collections. Straws containing approximately 15 × 106 motile sperm before freezing were used in 118 680 experimental inseminations performed by 254 artificial insemination technicians in 6352 Danish herds. Statistical analysis based on 44 946 experimental first inseminations showed that the major part (95.4%) of variation in the 56-day nonreturn rate (NRR56) was residual. Only 0.38% of the total variation in NRR56 was due to bulls and differences between ejaculate within bull. However, bulls were preselected, and a relatively high insemination dose was used. Correlations between sperm viability as assessed by flow cytometry and NRR56 was slightly lower than observed for microscopic assessment of sperm motility. However, flow cytometry makes it possible to achieve an objective and precise determination of sperm viability. It was therefore possible to calculate the effect on NRR56 provided selection of semen is based on the flow cytometric method. Three freezing extenders were used in this experiment, but a significant difference in NRR56 was not observed. Flow cytometric results for 1 extender (Biociphos Plus) indicated poorer sperm survival during postthaw incubation compared with Triladyl extender with whole and with clarified egg yolk.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/j.1939-4640.2005.tb02878.x

Relationship between sperm viability as determined by flow cytometry and nonreturn rate of dairy bulls.

The aim of this investigation was to establish genetic correlations between foot and leg traits in future potential AI bulls and body conformation traits in their daughters. Data consisted of records of 2394, 5002 and 1098 bulls of the breeds Danish Red, Danish Friesian and Jersey, respectively, which were correlated according to breed with 11846, 62875 and 10954 daughters sand their contemporaries, respectively. The bull traits included hoof measurements, horn characteristics and claw disease frequencies recorded at hoof trimming, while the data for the dairy cows contained the scores for rear leg side view, rear leg rear view, bone structure, quality of hocks and foot angle. The correlations between the claw diseases or horn characteristics on one side and the daughters' conformation on the other side were either negligible or inconclusive, while those between the bull's hoof measurements and the two conformation traits bone structure and hock quality were of statistical significance for all three breed...

Genetic Parameters of Foot and Leg Traits in Future AI Bulls: II. Correlation to Body Conformation Traits in Daughters

Information on foot and leg traits was collected on 8494 young potential future AI bulls of the three populations Danish Red, Danish Friesian and Danish Jersey by two classifiers between 1985 and 1996. Each animal was assessed at 5 and 10 months of age. The data set was used to examine the influence of age and classifier on genetic parameters of foot and leg traits by treating traits recorded at two different times or by two different people as a different characteristic in a bivariate analysis. The general incidence of foot and leg diseases was very low in young animals: only interdigital dermatitis, heel necrosis and solar bruising showed a frequency higher than 2% in 10-month-old bulls. The same traits measured on different claws yielded very high genetic correlations (rg 0.77-0.98), suggesting that the number of measurements could be reduced. Hooves increased in size with age, and the genetic correlation between the two age classes was high (rg 0.60-0.77). The agreement between classifiers was very hi...

Genetic Parameters of Foot and Leg Traits in Future AI Bulls: I. Influence of Age at Recording and Classifier

Wassmuth, R., Boelling, D., Madsen, P., Jensen, J. and Andersen B.B. (Institute of Animal Husbandry and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany and Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark). Genetic parameters of beef production traits and disease incidence of growing bulls.. Accepted August 17, 1999. Acta Agric. Scand., Sect. A, Animal Sci. 50: 103–110, 2000. © 2000 Taylor & Francis.

Genetic Parameters of Beef Production Traits and Disease Incidence of Growing Bulls

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Relationship between sperm viability as determined by flow cytometry and nonreturn rate of dairy bulls.

Genetic Parameters of Foot and Leg Traits in Future AI Bulls: II. Correlation to Body Conformation Traits in Daughters

Genetic Parameters of Foot and Leg Traits in Future AI Bulls: I. Influence of Age at Recording and Classifier

Genetic Parameters of Beef Production Traits and Disease Incidence of Growing Bulls