/pdf/social-capital-a-theory-of-social-structure-and-action-4m7poq6byy.pdf

Social capital: a theory of social structure and action

Over the past 50 years, humans have altered their environment to a significant extent, although human well-being is dependent on ecosystem functioning. Ecosystems are particularly affected by unsustainable use of resources, such as, food, water, and timber. Ecosystem functions depend on water, carbon, and other nutrients cycles. Human activities have modified these cycles in a number of way. Use of ecosystems for recreation, spiritual enrichment, cultural purposes, and for other short term benefits is growing continuously, although ecosystem capacity to provide such services has reported to be declined significantly. Human well-being depends on material welfare, health, good social relations, security and freedom, which are affected by changes in ecosystem services. Intensive ecosystem use often produces short-term advantage. Poverty level remains high in more than one billion people, who are dependent on ecosystems with an income of less than $1 per day as reported elsewhere. Regions including some parts of Africa, Asia and Latin America have the greatest ecosystemrelated problems and are facing developmental challenges. Habitat change occurs, for instance, when the area of land used for agriculture or cities is expanded. Instability and unproductivity including desertification, water logging, mineralization and many other unwanted outcomes throughout the world are continuing. Habitat fragmentation by roads, canals, power lines limits the species potential for dispersal and colonization. Indirect drivers, like changes in human population, economic activity and technology as well as socio-political and cultural factors affect ecosystems by influencing direct drivers. World climate has changed and continues to change, affecting temperature, rainfall and sea levels. Intensive fertilizer use has polluted ecosystems. Climate change and high nutrient levels in water are becoming increasing problems. Ecosystem management for shortterm benefits is increasing. Loss of biodiversity makes it difficult for ecosystems to recover from damage. Once an ecosystem has undergone an abrupt change, recovery to the original state is slow, costly, and sometimes impossible. Changes in ecosystems complexity- functioning relationships could diminish the stability, resistance and resilience of managed terrestrial ecosystems, and may jeopardize important food and fibre sources, and ability of natural ecosystems both to provide natural resources, and to remove pollutants from atmosphere. Ecological complexity and ecosystem functioning depend on factors that govern species coexistence. Complexity of landscapes is determined by number of ecosystem types, their characteristics, their sizes and shapes, and associated connectivity. Complexity at this scale would have large consequences on regional to global scale processes. Presence and arrangement of keystone ecosystem types, such as, wetlands often determine total carbon and nitrogen balance of a region. Changes in average or extreme environmental events and intense land use management are believed to increase species extinction rate in isolated habitat fragments. Loss of key species, such as, top predators, fruit dispersers and pollinators from habitat may severely disrupt ecosystems functioning. Land use changes due to expanding urbanization, concomitant landscape fragmentation and intensification of production systems. Such change results in transformation of an ecosystem, form one state to another state, via a transition phase. The combined value of 17 ecosystem services has been reported in the estimated range of US$16-54 trillion per year by Costanza and others. About 30% of modern medicines are developed from plants and animals, and 10 of the world's 25 topselling drugs in 1997 were reported to be derived from natural sources. Global market value of pharmaceuticals derived from genetic resources is estimated at US $ 75 000-150 000 million annually. Some 75% of the world's populations rely for health care on traditional medicines, which are derived directly from natural sources as recorded elsewhere. Socio-economic development of human civilization and human well-being depends on long-term health of environment including ecosystems. Environmental problems are generally addressed in isolation, but practically such problems are interrelated, and originate from the root cause of unsustainable development. Damage to natural ecosystems and release of environmental pollutants must be minimized for protecting natural ecosystem, and human well-being.

Ecosystems and Human Well-Being

/pdf/fish-for-life-interactive-governance-for-fisheries-n0zg6avoso.pdf

Fish for Life: Interactive Governance for Fisheries

The New Economic Sociology does a marvelous job demonstrating that economic sociology is making a comeback, and it does an even better job showing why. This book is sure to solidify economic sociology as a critical subfield, to define the boundaries and assumptions of the subfield, and to become required reading for both researchers and students. The volume begins with the very important reminder that sociology was founded as a “science geared toward providing an institutionally informed and culturally rich understanding of economic life” (p. 1). The editors point out the important role that economic sociology played in the early thinking of sociology’s founding fathers, and they provide an outstanding history of economic sociology beginning with the founders of sociological thought through the current revival and reunification of economic sociology as a major subfield. They show that research on markets and related economic phenomena has thrived in sociology as the studies of work, occupations, and organizations particularly in the 1960s but in preceding and subsequent decades as well. They also demonstrate that sociologists have actively studied work, organizations, and labor to understand other processes, including social stratification and inequality, economic development, culture, and networks. It was not until the mid1980s, however, that economic sociology as a separate subfield began to attract attention. The volume highlights the fact that the revival of economic sociology as a separate subfield is evident in the volume of work produced on related subjects, but more important, it is also apparent in the increasingly unified set of guiding theoretical principles underlying related research. In particular, as the editors effectively note, research in economic sociology shares the assumptions that social and economic behaviors are interdependent, that there are limits to individuals’ abilities to maximize utility, and that the aggregation of individual-level behavior is complex and not well understood. Although these principles have long guided research that might be classified as economic sociology, it is only in recent years that sociologists are making these assumptions explicit, openly exploring how these assumptions contrast with the

The New Economic Sociology: Developments in an Emerging Field (Chinese Translation)

Deploying governance networks for societal challenges

............................................................................................................................................................................1 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................................1 Section

The Frontiers of Networked Governance

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The Frontiers of Networked Governance