Environmental risk assessment of widely used anticancer drugs (5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, etoposide, imatinib mesylate).

Anticancer drugs in the aquatic ecosystem: Environmental occurrence, ecotoxicological effect and risk assessment.

Toxic effects of cisplatin cytostatic drug in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis.

In the past decades, the type of chemicals has gradually increased all over the world, and many of these chemicals may have a potentially toxic effect on human health. The zebrafish, as an excellent vertebrate model, is increasingly used for assessing chemical toxicity and safety. This review summarizes the efficacy of zebrafish as a model for the study of developmental toxicity, reproductive toxicity, cardiovascular toxicity, neurodevelopmental toxicity, and ocular developmental toxicity of hazardous chemicals, and the transgenic zebrafish as biosensors are used to detect the environmental pollutants.

Zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) as an excellent vertebrate model for the development, reproductive, cardiovascular, and neural and ocular development toxicity study of hazardous chemicals

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have become increasingly prevalent in environment samples across the world, posing a serious threat to human health. In particular, estrogenic EDCs have received considerable public attention due to the ways in which they interfere with the normal endocrine functions of humans and animals. In recent years, biosensors for detecting estrogenic EDCs have made considerable progress. This review summarizes recent developments in biosensors for the detection of estrogens in the environment and food, including molecule-based biosensors, cell-based biosensors, and model organism-based biosensors. In particular, this review considered works published in 2017–2019 that focused on methods for the detection of estrogens and the use of nanomaterials for biosensors development. In this work, the advantages and limitations of various types of biosensors were compared, and projections for the future development of biosensors for monitoring estrogens in the environment and food were discussed.

Recent advances in biosensors for the detection of estrogens in the environment and food

The acute and sub-chronic effects of four cytostatic drugs—5-fluorouracil (5-FU), cisplatin (CisPt), etoposide (ET) and imatinib mesylate (IM)—on zebrafish (Danio rerio) were investigated. Acute tests were carried out in a static system in accordance with the OECD guideline 203 for adult fish and the draft guideline for fish embryos (FET test) in order to find the LC50 values of the four cytostatic drugs. Early-life stage toxicity test on zebrafish was conducted according the OECD guideline 210 using the cytostatic drugs 5-FU and IM in a semistatic system with the objective of investigating the sub-chronic effects of the cytostatic drugs on fish. In adult fish, the cytostatic drugs 5-FU and ET did not pass the limit test, thus, are considered non-toxic. In case of cisplatin, LC50 was calculated at 64.5 mg L−1, whereas in case of IM, LC50 was at 70.8 mg L−1. In the FET test, LC50 of 5-FU at 72-h post fertilization (hpf) was 2441.6 mg L−1. In case of CisPt, LC50 was 349.9 mg L−1 at 48 hpf and it progressively decreased to 81.3 mg L−1 at 120 hpf. In addition, CisPt caused a significant delay in the hatch of larvae. In case of ET, LC50 values were not calculable as they were higher than 300 mg L−1 at which concentration the substance crystallized in the solution. LC50 values of IM were 48 hpf; 158.3 mg L−1 , 72 hpf; 141.6 mg L−1, 96 hpf; 118.0 mg L−1, and 120 hpf; 65.9 mg L−1. In the Early-life Stage Test with 5-FU, embryonic deformities were not detected during the tests. Regarding mortalities, the 10 mg L−1 concentration can be considered as LOEC, as statistically significant difference in mortalities was detected in this group alone. Concerning dry body weight and standard length, 1 mg L−1 is the LOEC. In case of IM, the highest tested concentration (10 mg L−1) can be considered LOEC for mortalities, however, the treatment did not have an effect on the other investigated parameters (dry and wet weight, standard length). All four cytostatic drugs were characterized by low toxicity in zebrafish in acute and sub-chronic tests.

Acute and sub-chronic toxicity of four cytostatic drugs in zebrafish.

https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/portal/files/58690702/Bakos_et_al_Estrogen_sensitive_liver_Aquatic_Toxicology_2019.pdf

Estrogen sensitive liver transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio) line (Tg(vtg1:mCherry)) suitable for the direct detection of estrogenicity in environmental samples.

Intraspecific morphological variability may reflect either genetic divergence among groups of individuals or response of individuals to environmental circumstances within the frame of phenotypic plasticity. Several studies were able to discriminate wild fish populations based on their scale shape. Here we examine whether the variations in the scale shape in fish populations could be related to genetic or environmental factors, or to both of them. In the first experiment, two inbred lines of zebrafish, Danio rerio (Hamilton 1822) reared under identical environmental conditions were compared. Secondly, to find out what effect environmental factors might have, offsprings were divided into two groups and reared on different diets for 12 weeks. Potential recovery of scales from an environmental effect was also assessed. Experimental groups could successfully be distinguished according to the shape of scales in both experiments, and the results showed that both genetic and environmental factors may notably influence scale shape. It was concluded that scale shape analysis might be used as an explanatory tool to detect potential variability of environmental influences impacting genetically homogeneous groups of fish. However, due to its sensitivity to environmental heterogeneity, the applicability of this technique in identifying intraspecific stock membership of fish could be limited.

/pdf/impact-of-environmental-and-genetic-factors-on-the-scale-2t8pkewmrm.pdf

Impact of environmental and genetic factors on the scale shape of zebrafish, Danio rerio (Hamilton 1822): A geometric morphometric study

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Acute and sub-chronic toxicity of four cytostatic drugs in zebrafish.

Estrogen sensitive liver transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio) line (Tg(vtg1:mCherry)) suitable for the direct detection of estrogenicity in environmental samples.

Impact of environmental and genetic factors on the scale shape of zebrafish, Danio rerio (Hamilton 1822): A geometric morphometric study