Lithium–sulfur batteries (Li–S) have become a viable alternative to future energy storage devices. The electrochemical reaction based on lithium and sulfur promises an extraordinary theoretical energy density, which is far higher than current commercialized Li-ion batteries. However, the principal disadvantage impeding the success of Li–S batteries lies in the severe leakage and migration of soluble lithium polysulfide intermediates out of cathodes upon cycling. The loss of active sulfur species incurs significant capacity decay and poor battery lifespans. Considerable efforts have been devoted to developing various sulfur host materials that can effectively anchor lithium polysulfides. Herein, a comprehensive review is presented of recent advances in sulfur host materials. On the basis of the electrochemistry of Li–S batteries, the strategies for anchoring polysulfides are systematically categorized into physical confinement and chemical bonding. The structural merits of various sulfur host materials are highlighted, and the interaction mechanisms with sulfur species are discussed in detail, which provides valuable insights into the rational design and engineering of advanced sulfur host materials facilitating the commercialization of Li–S batteries. Future challenges and promising research prospects for sulfur host materials are proposed at the end of the review.

Host Materials Anchoring Polysulfides in Li–S Batteries Reviewed

Critical review of life cycle assessment of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles: A lifespan perspective

Status and Prospects of MXene-Based Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Small thin-film rechargeable cells have been fabricated with a lithium phosphorus oxyniuide electrolyte, Li metal anode, and Li{sub 1-x}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 4} as the cathode film. The cathode films were fabricated by several different techniques resulting in both crystalline and amorphous films. These were compared by observing the cell discharge behavior. Estimates have been made for the scale-up of such a thin-film battery to meet the specifications for the electric vehicle application. The specific energy, energy density, and cycle life are expected to meet the USABC mid-term criteria. However, the areas of the thin-films needed to fabricate such a cell are very large. The required areas could be greatly reduced by operating the battery at temperatures near 100{degrees}C or by enhancing the lithium ion transport rate in the cathode material.

/pdf/thin-film-rechargeable-lithium-batteries-2e170xnhc9.pdf

Thin-film rechargeable lithium batteries

The sudden rise in the gas and oil price due to political issues and the goal demand to reduce CO2 emissions to nearly zero by 2050 urges scientists to provide renewable and sustainable strategies to replace fossil fuel sources or reduce the energy demand. Using thermal energy storage integrated with renewable energy sources, especially solar energy, is a popular method to reduce peak energy demands. Phase change materials (PCMs) as practical thermal storage can be produced from different organic and inorganic materials while the organic materials have some privileges. However, organic petroleum-based PCMs have undesirable effects on the environment, urging scientists to study environmentally friendly bio-based phase change material (Bio-PCMs). The current review focuses on the application of bio-based phase change materials for effective heat management in integrated systems. Application of Bio-PCMs in the heating and cooling of the building, including the passive methods by integrating PCM in building material or the active strategies by implying the PCMs in heating and cooling systems and providing the domestic hot water coupled with the solar systems were reviewed. Other applications of Bio-PCMs, such as thermo-sensitive drug delivery, body temperature control in PCM-implemented textiles and clothes, electronic cooling, freezing food, and cold chain transportation, were studied. 

Application of bio-based phase change materials for effective heat management

A Facile Synthesis of Stable TiO2/TiC Composite Material as Sulfur Immobilizers for Cathodes of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with Excellent Electrochemical Performances

Thermal energy storage with phase change materials (PCMs) is of great concern for energy conservation due to its characteristics of high latent heat and constant temperature during phase transition process. In this paper, binary eutectic mixtures (EMs) using fatty acids including lauric acid (LA), myristic acid (MA), palmitic acid (PA) and stearic acid (SA) with 1-hexadecanol (HD) are produced, and then titanium dioxide (TiO2) is employed to form composite phase change materials (CPCMs) for purpose of promoting the thermal conductivity. The chemical structure, microscopic morphology, thermal property, thermal reliability and thermal stability of these CPCMs are inspected carefully. The results illustrate that TiO2 particles have no obvious aggregation in EMs, and there is no chemical reaction between the components of CPCMs. High latent heats above 200 J/g are achieved with phase transition temperatures at 45.4 °C, 51.2 °C, 55.1 °C and 58.3 °C for individual system of LA-HD/TiO2, MA-HD/TiO2, PA-HD/TiO2 and SA-HD/TiO2 respectively. The prepared CPCMs maintain good performance after 100 thermal cycles. The decomposition of CPCMs is retarded and the thermal stability is enhanced. TiO2 improves the thermal conductivities of EMs, which reach a maximum value of 0.358 W/(m·K). In brief, the CPCMs proposed in this paper possess high latent heat and high thermal conductivity as well as excellent thermal stability and thermal reliability, implying that it has a significant potential for thermal regulation and energy conservation. 

/pdf/preparation-and-thermal-properties-analysis-of-fatty-acids-1-2ukftbcp.pdf

Preparation and thermal properties analysis of fatty acids/1-hexadecanol binary eutectic phase change materials reinforced with TiO2 particles

Compatibilizers allow for the combination of two materials with vastly different polarities. The dosage of most compatibilizers must be more than 5 wt% to be effective—an expensive high dosage level that changes polymer composite properties. Thus, in this study, renewable resource epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) was used as the raw material to synthesize the end-hydroxyl group bio-based compatibilizer ESO-g-S-HPG. The experimental results revealed that composites prepared with ESO-g-S-HPG had better mechanical properties (i.e., tensile strength, impact strength, and energy storage modulus) than those prepared with a commercially available compatibilizer (TA 1618). The addition of 1 wt% of ESO-g-S-HPG significantly enhanced the interfacial compatibility between the HDPE and CaCO3, making it a good candidate for application in the field of HDPE composite filling and reinforcement, as evidenced by the minimal voids revealed by the scanning electron microscopy results. The molecular dynamics simulation results revealed that hyperbranched compatibilizers can eliminate filler aggregation and enhanced filler-matrix interaction, yielding effects that are better than those of linear compatibilizers. The compatibilizer proposed here can be a useful material for the fabrication of the next generation of composites applied in diverse industrial fields. 

A bio-based compatibilizer (ESO-g-S-HPG) to improve the compatibility and mechanical properties of CaCO3/HDPE composites

Performance Improvement of Lauric Acid-1-Hexadecanol Eutectic Phase Change Material with Bio-Sourced Seashell Powder Addition for Thermal Energy Storage in Buildings

As an anode material of lithium-ion battery, it usually has a high specific capacity, but poor cycle stability always restricts its development. In this paper, the most ordinary graphite anode is modified by cobalt-based metal-organic frameworks (Co-MOFs). It can be noted that Co-MOF coating on graphite surface can form like solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film, and the crystalline planes and defects also have slight transformations. Electrochemical test results illustrate that the anodes with graphite modified by 15% Co-MOF for lithium-ion batteries have reversible lithiation and delithiation processes, the low charge transfer resistance, and fast lithium-ion diffusion rate due to the electrochemical reactions on some limited graphite crystal planes. Charge and discharge test results display that the initial discharge specific capacity at 100, 200, and 300 mA g−1 can reach 368.92, 290.06, and 268.99 mAh g−1, respectively. And after 50 cycles, the capacity retention rate is higher than 80%.

Design of cobalt-based metal-organic frameworks like solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film for chemically stable graphite anode of lithium-ion batteries

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