Among the carbon nanomaterials family, the fluorescent carbon dot has emerged as a significant member among the novel types of nanomaterials, and many researchers have introduced studies on its properties and potential applications. Carbon dots (CDs) have numerous outstanding characteristics, such as remarkable photostability, negligible cytotoxicity, exceptional biocompatibility, effortless surface modification, and remarkable chemical inertness. As a result, they have found extensive applications in various domains, including but not limited to cell imaging, in vivo imaging, drug delivery, fluorescence sensing, photocatalysis, production of polychromatic light emitting diodes (LEDs), energy conversion and storage, etc. Recently, many synthesis strategies of carbon dots have been developed, but how to synthesize in a controlled way is still challenging. The focus of this article is to provide an overview of the advancements made in the production of carbon dots, with particular attention given to their synthesis techniques along with some discussion and provide a reference for the controllable synthesis and method selection of carbon dots. 

A review of carbon dots in synthesis strategy

An overview of the importance of green chemistry in synthesizing fluorescent carbon quantum dots as an effective tool for metal ion sensing is discussed. Various synthesis methods and mechanisms involved in metal ion sensing using CQDs are presented.

Recent advancements towards the green synthesis of carbon quantum dots as an innovative and eco-friendly solution for metal ion sensing and monitoring

Access to safe drinking water and a hygienic living environment are the basic necessities that encourage healthy living. However, the presence of various pollutants (especially toxic heavy metal ions) at high concentrations in water renders water unfit for drinking and domestic use. The presence of high concentrations of heavy-metal ions (e.g., Pb2+, Hg2+, Cr6+, Cd2+, or Cu2+) greater than their permissible limits adversely affects human health, and increases the risk of cancer of the kidneys, liver, skin, and central nervous system. Therefore, their detection in water is crucial. Due to the various benefits of "green"-synthesized carbon-dots (C-dots) over other materials, these materials are potential candidates for sensing of toxic heavy-metal ions in water sources. C-dots are very small carbon-based nanomaterials that show chemical stability, magnificent biocompatibility, excitation wavelength-dependent photoluminescence (PL), water solubility, simple preparation strategies, photoinduced electron transfer, and the opportunity for functionalization. A new family of C-dots called "carbon quantum dots" (CQDs) are fluorescent zero-dimensional carbon nanoparticles of size < 10 nm. The green synthesis of C-dots has numerous advantages over conventional chemical routes, such as utilization of inexpensive and non-poisonous materials, straightforward operations, rapid reactions, and renewable precursors. Natural sources, such as biomass and biomass wastes, are broadly accepted as green precursors for fabricating C-dots because these sources are economical, ecological, and readily/extensively accessible. Two main methods are available for C-dots production: top-down and bottom-up. Herein, this review article discusses the recent advancements in the green fabrication of C-dots: photostability; surface structure and functionalization; potential applications for the sensing of hazardous anions and toxic heavy-metal ions; binding of toxic ions with C-dots; probable mechanistic routes of PL-based sensing of toxic heavy-metal ions. The green production of C-dots and their promising applications in the sensing of hazardous ions discussed herein provides deep insights into the safety of human health and the environment. Nonetheless, this review article provides a resource for the conversion of low-value biomass and biomass waste into valuable materials (i.e., C-dots) for promising sensing applications.

Assessment of biomass-derived carbon dots as highly sensitive and selective templates for the sensing of hazardous ions.

In this study, we reported the eco-responsible synthesis of iron-doped carbon quantum dots (Fe-CQDs) from waste coffee grounds through a simple hydrothermal method. The Fe-CQDs exhibited high peroxidase-like activity, which could convert 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) into blue ox-TMB in the presence of H2O2. After adding ascorbic acid (AA) to above system, the blue solution faded. Based on this phenomenon, a colorimetric method for visual monitoring of H2O2 and AA was developed. Meanwhile, the fluorescence of Fe-CQDs can be quenched by the formed ox-TMB via inner filter effect (IFE), followed by the recovery upon the addition of AA. Therefore, Fe-CQDs can be acted as a fluorescent probe to detect H2O2 and AA through the "on-off-on" mode. Furthermore, the dual-recognition methods based on Fe-CQDs were used to measure AA content in beverage samples. Thus, this work would shed much light on converting waste into biomass CQDs and their potential applications in biomolecular detection. 

Coffee grounds-derived carbon quantum dots as peroxidase mimetics for colorimetric and fluorometric detection of ascorbic acid.

Solid waste spent coffee grounds (SCGs) are generated in the process of producing coffee products. SCGs currently exist in the main treatment methods of incineration and sanitary landfill, causing the waste of resources and environmental pollution. It is urgent to establish and improve the large-scale biological joint transformation process system for comprehensive utilization of SCGs. This paper firstly summarizes the processing technology of SCGs including its main compositions and extraction methods. Furthermore, an overview of SCGs utilization is presented in following aspects consists of agronomy and composting, fermentation, bioremediation, bioenergy, carbon points, food and cosmetics. Finally, it provides an outlook on its future utilization and research directions. SCGs are rich in beneficial components, being considered as high value-added biomass resources with great potential for sustainable development. After appropriate disposal and resource transformation, SCGs have been widely applied in fields of food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, energy and materials sectors. The technologies currently available make the full utilization of SCGs possible, taking into account safety and social acceptance. Utilizing the power of innovation and biotechnology to upcycle SCGs is a way to turn food waste into treasure and achieve sustainable social green development. 

Spent coffee grounds: Present and future of an environmentally friendly applications on industries-A review

Green synthesis of carbon dots from spent coffee grounds via ball-milling: Application in fluorescent chemosensors

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Green synthesis of carbon dots from spent coffee grounds via ball-milling: Application in fluorescent chemosensors