Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) offer the possibilities to design solar cells with a large flexibility in shape, color, and transparency. DSC research groups have been established around the worl ...

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Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

The prosperity of human society largely relies on safe energy supply, and fossil fuel has been serving as the most reliable energy source. However, as a non-renewable energy source, the exhaustion of fossil fuel is inevitable and imminent in this century. To address this problem, renewable energy especially solar energy has attracted much attention, because it directly converts solar energy into electrical power leaving no environment affect. In the past, various photovoltaic devices like organic, inorganic, and hybrid solar cells were fabricated in succession. In spite of high conversion rate of silicon based solar cells, the high module cost and complicated production process restricted their application solely to astronautic and aeronautic technology. For domestic and other commercial applications, research has been focused on organic solar cells for their inherent low module cost and easy fabrication. In addition, organic solar cells have their lightweight and flexibility advantage over conventional silicon-based crystalline solar cells. Among all the organic solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are the most efficient and easily implemented technology. Here, this study examines the working principle, present development and future prospectus for this novel technology.

Review on dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs): Fundamental concepts and novel materials

Electrolytes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Cooling the operating surface is a key operational factor to take into consideration to achieve higher efficiency when operating solar photovoltaic systems. Proper cooling can improve the electrical efficiency, and decrease the rate of cell degradation with time, resulting in maximisation of the life span of photovoltaic modules. The excessive heat removed by the cooling system can be used in domestic, commercial or industrial applications. This paper presents a review of various methods that can be used to minimize the negative impacts of the increased temperature while making an attempt to enhance the efficiency of photovoltaic solar panels operating beyond the recommended temperature of the Standard Test Conditions (STC). Different cooling technologies are reviewed, namely Floating tracking concentrating cooling system (FTCC); Hybrid solar Photovoltaic/Thermal system cooled by water spraying; Hybrid solar Photovoltaic/ Thermoelectric PV/TE system cooled by heat sink; Hybrid solar Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) cooled by forced water circulation; Improving the performance of solar panels through the use of phase-change materials; Solar panel with water immersion cooling technique; Solar PV panel cooled by transparent coating (photonic crystal cooling); Hybrid solar Photovoltaic/Thermal system cooled by forced air circulation, and Solar panel with Thermoelectric cooling. Several research papers are reviewed and classified based on their focus, contribution and the type of technology used to achieve the cooling of photovoltaic panels. The discussion of the results has been done based on the advantages, disadvantages, area of application as well as techno-economic character of each technology reviewed. The purpose of this review is to provide an understanding for each of the above-mentioned technologies to reduce the surface temperature of the PV module. The study will focus on the surface temperature reduction array bound by each of the cooling technologies. The performance of each cooling technology will also be highlighted. In addition to this study, this review will include a discussion comparing the performance of each cooling technology. The outcomes of this study are detailed in the conclusion section. This paper has revealed that any adequate technology selected to cool photovoltaic panels should be used to keep the operating surface temperature low and stable, be simple and reliable and, if possible, enable the use of extracted thermal heat to enhance the overall conversion efficiency. The presented detailed review can be used by engineers working on theory, design and/or application of photovoltaic systems.

A review of solar photovoltaic systems cooling technologies

Nowadays, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are the most extensively investigated systems for the conversion of solar energy into electricity, particularly for implementation in devices where low cost and good performance are required. Nevertheless, a key aspect is still to be addressed, being considered strongly harmful for a long time, which is the presence of water in the cell, either in the electrolyte or at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Here comes the present review, in the course of which we try our best to address the highly topical role of water in DSSCs, trying to figure out if it is a poisoner or the keyword to success, by means of a thoroughly detailed analysis of all the established phenomena in an aqueous environment. Actually, in the last few years the scientific community has suddenly turned its efforts in the direction of using water as a solvent, as demonstrated by the amount of research articles being published in the literature. Indeed, by means of DSSCs fabricated with water-based electrolytes, reduced costs, non-flammability, reduced volatility and improved environmental compatibility could be easily achieved. As a result, an increasing number of novel electrodes, dyes and electrolyte components are continuously proposed, being highly challenging from the materials science viewpoint and with the golden thread of producing truly water-based DSSCs. If the initial purpose of DSSCs was the construction of an artificial photosynthetic system able to convert solar light into electricity, the use of water as the key component may represent a great step forward towards their widespread diffusion in the market.

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Aqueous dye-sensitized solar cells

Gel polymer electrolyte based on poly(acrylonitrile-co-styrene) and a novel organic iodide salt for quasi-solid state dye-sensitized solar cell

Quasi-solid state dye-sensitized solar cells based on gel polymer electrolyte with poly(acrylonitrile-co-styrene)/NaI+I2

A novel gel polymer electrolyte based on poly(acrylamide)–poly(ethylene glycol) composite and binary organic solvent was prepared. And the highest ionic conductivity of the gel polymer electrolyte was 1.94 mS cm −1 under the ambient atmosphere. The polymer gel electrolyte based on the composite of poly(acrylamide)–poly(ethylene glycol), the binary organic solvent of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate and the additive of 4- tert -bytylpyridine has been employed to fabricate quasi-solid state dye-sensitized solar cell with an overall conversion efficiency of approximately 3% under irradiation of 60 mW cm −2 .

Quasi-solid state dye-sensitized solar cells-based gel polymer electrolytes with poly(acrylamide)–poly(ethylene glycol) composite

Quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells based on a sol–gel organic–inorganic composite electrolyte containing an organic iodide salt

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Gel polymer electrolyte based on poly(acrylonitrile-co-styrene) and a novel organic iodide salt for quasi-solid state dye-sensitized solar cell

Quasi-solid state dye-sensitized solar cells based on gel polymer electrolyte with poly(acrylonitrile-co-styrene)/NaI+I2

Quasi-solid state dye-sensitized solar cells-based gel polymer electrolytes with poly(acrylamide)–poly(ethylene glycol) composite

Quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells based on a sol–gel organic–inorganic composite electrolyte containing an organic iodide salt