The series of books represents a thorough treatment of ultra-high temperature materials with melting (sublimation or decomposition) points around or over 2500 °C. In the third volume are included physical (structural, thermal, electromagnetic, optical, mechanical, nuclear) and chemical (more than 1100 binary, ternary and multi-component systems, including those used for materials design, data on solid-state diffusion, wettability, interaction with chemicals, gases and aqueous solutions) properties of titanium monocarbide TiC1–x, vanadium monocarbide VC1–x and related 2D-molecular (graphene-like) carbide MXenes, discovered and developed only in the last decade. TiC1–x and VC1–x are also widely applied in the general technological and engineering practice in a wide range of temperatures as parts of highly hard materials (alloys) and special steels. This book will be of interest to researchers, engineers, postgraduate, graduate and undergraduate students alike. For the named materials, readers/users are provided with the full qualitative and quantitative assessment, which is based on the latest updates in the field of fundamental physics, chemistry, nanotechnology, materials science, design and engineering.

http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-94-024-2039-5.pdf

Ultra-High Temperature Materials III: Refractory Carbides II (Ti and V Carbides)

This article presents a critical review of papers dealing with solid particle erosion characteristics of polymer matrix composites, metal matrix composites, and ceramic matrix composites. In addition, the solid particle erosion characteristics of coatings for composite materials are also reviewed. Attention was paid to type of a reinforcement material (fiber/filler), amount of fiber/filler, fiber orientation, and interfacial strength between fiber/filler and matrix, which affect the solid particle erosion in addition to the variables affecting the solid particle erosion of monolithic materials, that is, impact angle, particle velocity, temperature, particle flux, and erodent properties such as shape, size, hardness, and so on. General characteristics of solid particle erosion for composites are extracted from the review of the papers.

Solid particle erosion of composite materials: A critical review

A silicon nitride ceramic with unidirectionally aligned β-Si 3 N 4 elongated grains (UA-SN) was fabricated by sintering the extruded Si 3 N 4 green body with a small amount of rodlike β-Si 3 N 4 seed. The effect of anisotropy in microstructure on tribological properties was investigated, compared with a fine-grained Si 3 N 4 without seed. Block-on-ring tests without lubricant were conducted at sliding speeds of 0.15 and 1.5 m/s, with a normal load of 5 N and a sliding distance of 75 m, using the UA-SN and Si 3 N 4 without seeds as block specimens and commercially supplied Si 3 N 4 as ring specimens. For UA-SN, tribological properties were evaluated in three directions with respect to the grain alignment: the plane normal to the grain alignment, and in the direction parallel to or perpendicular to the grain alignment in the side plane. For both sliding speeds, the plane normal to the grain alignment exhibited the highest wear resistance, and the worn surface of this plane was quite smooth, in contrast to the other specimens whose surfaces were irregular owing to grain dropping. It is considered that the high wear resistance achieved in this plane is attributable to the inhibition of crack propagation along the sliding surface by the stacked elongated grains normal to the sliding surface.

Tribological Properties of Unidirectionally Aligned Silicon Nitride

The tribological properties of yttrium containing α/β composite sialon ceramics have been studied under non-lubricated conditions by means of block-on-ring and ball-on-disk type experiments against a commercial silicon nitride material. The sialon ceramics were produced by hot pressing powder mixtures of Si3N4, AlN, Al2O3 and Y2O3, resulting in composite ceramics containing different amounts of the α/β phases. The effects of microstructural differences on the mechanical properties of the ceramics, and their wear characteristics under a range of testing conditions have been assessed. It was found that Vickers hardness decreased whilst both fracture toughness and bending strength increased with increasing amount of β phase in the composite. Under mild testing conditions, material removal was considered to occur by polishing of the surface, and in this case the high α-sialon composites exhibited the highest wear resistance, reflecting their higher hardness. Under severe testing conditions, the wear behaviour was characterised as microcracking caused by the higher Hertzian stress levels, and resulted in grain removal or “dropping” from the surface of the materials. Under these conditions, the elongated microstructure and higher fracture toughness of the low α-sialon composites hinder the crack propagation and result in better wear characteristics when compared to the fine equiaxed α-sialon materials.

Wear properties of Y–α/β composite sialon ceramics

The objective of this research is to improve the milling process performance for Udimet 720. In order to do so, both material microstructure and tool failure conditions are studied with different milling processes, such as cryogenic-assisted machining and conventional milling. To gain an understanding of the mechanism behind the smearing and plucking phenomena, which are used as a measure of quality and also a limiting factor to machining speed, the post machined microstructure has been investigated. The dynamic forces of machining, chip morphology, microstructure, deformation layer, and maximum cutting velocity are considered for the optimization of the milling process of Udimet 720. The tool life during milling of Udimet 720 is also determined under two different machining arrangements with an oil-base coolant and cryogenic cooling. In cryogenic milling, it has been discovered through these experiments, that there exists a concentration of gamma phase in the material. The experimental cryogenic milling ...

Microstructural analysis and machinability improvement of udimet 720 via cryogenic milling

A study on wear and erosion of sialon-Si3N4 whisker ceramic composites

Silicon nitride-Si 2 N 2 O in situ composites were prepared by hot pressing powder mixtures of α-Si 3 N 4 , 6 wt% Y 2 O 3 , 1 wt% Al 2 O 3 , and 0-12 wt% SiO 2 . X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that the volume percents of Si 2 N 2 O were 0, 13, 31, and 54 for the composites prepared with 0, 4, 8, and 12 wt% SiO 2 , respectively. XRD results also indicated that both silicon nitride grains and Si 2 N 2 O grains were laid down perpendicular to hot pressing direction. As the volume percent of Si 2 N 2 O increased, the width and the amount of elongated silicon nitride grains decreased, but the fracture toughness increased. Young's modulus of the in situ composites decreased as the Si 2 N 2 O content was increased. The erosion rate decreased as the Si 2 N 2 O content was increased, in part, due to both the increased fracture toughness and the reduced grain size. Erosion of the composites occurred primarily due to the grain dislodgment. The sample without Si 2 N 2 O experienced micro-chipping due to transgranular fracture.

Effect of Si2N2O content on the microstructure, properties, and erosion of silicon nitride-Si2N2O in situ composites

Erosion characteristics of silicon nitride ceramics

Friction and Wear of Pressureless Sintered Ti(C,N)-WC Ceramics

Tribological behavior of alumina reinforced with unidirectionally oriented SiC whiskers

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