Multilevel inverter technology has emerged recently as a very important alternative in the area of high-power medium-voltage energy control. This paper presents the most important topologies like diode-clamped inverter (neutral-point clamped), capacitor-clamped (flying capacitor), and cascaded multicell with separate DC sources. Emerging topologies like asymmetric hybrid cells and soft-switched multilevel inverters are also discussed. This paper also presents the most relevant control and modulation methods developed for this family of converters: multilevel sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation, multilevel selective harmonic elimination, and space-vector modulation. Special attention is dedicated to the latest and more relevant applications of these converters such as laminators, conveyor belts, and unified power-flow controllers. The need of an active front end at the input side for those inverters supplying regenerative loads is also discussed, and the circuit topology options are also presented. Finally, the peripherally developing areas such as high-voltage high-power devices and optical sensors and other opportunities for future development are addressed.

Multilevel inverters: a survey of topologies, controls, and applications

The many different techniques for maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic (PV) arrays are discussed. The techniques are taken from the literature dating back to the earliest methods. It is shown that at least 19 distinct methods have been introduced in the literature, with many variations on implementation. This paper should serve as a convenient reference for future work in PV power generation.

/pdf/comparison-of-photovoltaic-array-maximum-power-point-2nci76j6n4.pdf

Comparison of Photovoltaic Array Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques

This paper presents a technology review of voltage-source-converter topologies for industrial medium-voltage drives. In this highly active area, different converter topologies and circuits have found their application in the market. This paper covers the high-power voltage-source inverter and the most used multilevel-inverter topologies, including the neutral-point-clamped, cascaded H-bridge, and flying-capacitor converters. This paper presents the operating principle of each topology and a review of the most relevant modulation methods, focused mainly on those used by industry. In addition, the latest advances and future trends of the technology are discussed. It is concluded that the topology and modulation-method selection are closely related to each particular application, leaving a space on the market for all the different solutions, depending on their unique features and limitations like power or voltage level, dynamic performance, reliability, costs, and other technical specifications.

Multilevel Voltage-Source-Converter Topologies for Industrial Medium-Voltage Drives

The modular multilevel converter (MMC) has been a subject of increasing importance for medium/high-power energy conversion systems. Over the past few years, significant research has been done to address the technical challenges associated with the operation and control of the MMC. In this paper, a general overview of the basics of operation of the MMC along with its control challenges are discussed, and a review of state-of-the-art control strategies and trends is presented. Finally, the applications of the MMC and their challenges are highlighted.

Operation, Control, and Applications of the Modular Multilevel Converter: A Review

DC–DC converters with voltage boost capability are widely used in a large number of power conversion applications, from fraction-of-volt to tens of thousands of volts at power levels from milliwatts to megawatts. The literature has reported on various voltage-boosting techniques, in which fundamental energy storing elements (inductors and capacitors) and/or transformers in conjunction with switch(es) and diode(s) are utilized in the circuit. These techniques include switched capacitor (charge pump), voltage multiplier, switched inductor/voltage lift, magnetic coupling, and multistage/-level, and each has its own merits and demerits depending on application, in terms of cost, complexity, power density, reliability, and efficiency. To meet the growing demand for such applications, new power converter topologies that use the above voltage-boosting techniques, as well as some active and passive components, are continuously being proposed. The permutations and combinations of the various voltage-boosting techniques with additional components in a circuit allow for numerous new topologies and configurations, which are often confusing and difficult to follow. Therefore, to present a clear picture on the general law and framework of the development of next-generation step-up dc–dc converters, this paper aims to comprehensively review and classify various step-up dc–dc converters based on their characteristics and voltage-boosting techniques. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of these voltage-boosting techniques and associated converters are discussed in detail. Finally, broad applications of dc–dc converters are presented and summarized with comparative study of different voltage-boosting techniques.

/pdf/step-up-dc-dc-converters-a-comprehensive-review-of-voltage-6dlytctzg2.pdf

Step-Up DC–DC Converters: A Comprehensive Review of Voltage-Boosting Techniques, Topologies, and Applications

The distribution of radial force density in brushless permanent magnet DC motor is not uniform in axial direction. The analysis of radial force density has to consider the 3-D shape of teeth and overhang, because the radial force density causes vibration and acts on the surface of teeth inconstantly. For the analysis, a new 3-D equivalent magnetic circuit network method is used to account the rotor movement without remesh. The radial force density is calculated and analyzed by Maxwell stress tensor and discrete Fourier transform(DFT) respectively. The results of 3-D equivalent magnetic circuit method have been compared with the results of 3-D FEM. Index terms-Brushless DC motor, distribution of radial force density, vibration, remesh, DFT, 3-D EMCN, 3-D FEM.

Dynamic Analysis of Radial Force rushless DC Motor Using 3-D Equivalent gnetic Circuit Network Method

This paper presents a new speed control method using the acceleration feedforward compensation and using the disturbance torque estimate method. The proposed method improve transition response characteristic of system and has been a robust characteristic in the four-switch three-phase motor drive system in which the gain of speed controller cannot be made large enough. The simulation results prove the validity of the proposed method.

A Control Scheme to Improve the Speed Response for BLDC Motor Using Four-Switch Three-Phase InverterUsing Four-Switch Three-Phase Inverter

This paper presents a control method of induction machine in a low speed range with the instantaneous speed observer and inertia identification. When the low resolution incremental-type encoder is used for the speed detection, we get only the average speed between the interval of the encoder pulses and it makes usually speed controller unstable at the very low speed range. This paper, therefore, proposes a low speed control method using the low precision shaft encoder with speed observer implementing the disturbance torque observer. Furthermore, to improve the performance of the speed controller, we will perform the inertia iden tification algorithm using th e estimated inertia acquired by the periodic test signal. We will show that this proposed method is superior to the conventional method by simulation and experimental results.

Low Speed Control of Induction Machines with inertia identification

Photovoltaic or wind turbine system installed around world has been increased dramatically in the last decade. Unfortunately, these systems are uncontrollable and dependent on environmental conditions i.e., sun or wind. As a consequence, increasing connections of those systems to the grid can lead to the stability problem of the utility network or even the failure because of their uncontrollability. Battery energy storage system(BESS) can be used to control the output fluctuations of renewable sources. BESS consists of lithium-ion battery and power conditioning system(PCS). This paper gives critical aspects of design and control for a large capacity of battery system and PCS. Test results are also given as justification of design and control technology.

/pdf/development-of-500-kwh-lithium-ion-battery-energy-storage-425zmbt68x.pdf

Development of 500[kWh] Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage System with 2[MVA] Power Conditioning System for Utility Interconnection

In this paper, a simple power control scheme for a constant frequency Class-D inverter with a variable duty cycle is proposed. It is more suitable and acceptable for highfrequency induction heating (IH) jar applications. The proposed control scheme has the advantages of not only wide power regulation range but also ease of control output power. Also it can achieve the stable and efficient Zero-Voltage-Switching (ZVS) in whole load range. The control principles of proposed method are described in detail and its validity is verified through simulated and experimental results on 
42.8kHz IGBT for induction heating rated on 1.6kW with constant frequency variable power.

A Study of Novel CFVP Control Technique of Class-D Inverter for IH-Jar Application

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