Multilevel inverter technology has emerged recently as a very important alternative in the area of high-power medium-voltage energy control. This paper presents the most important topologies like diode-clamped inverter (neutral-point clamped), capacitor-clamped (flying capacitor), and cascaded multicell with separate DC sources. Emerging topologies like asymmetric hybrid cells and soft-switched multilevel inverters are also discussed. This paper also presents the most relevant control and modulation methods developed for this family of converters: multilevel sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation, multilevel selective harmonic elimination, and space-vector modulation. Special attention is dedicated to the latest and more relevant applications of these converters such as laminators, conveyor belts, and unified power-flow controllers. The need of an active front end at the input side for those inverters supplying regenerative loads is also discussed, and the circuit topology options are also presented. Finally, the peripherally developing areas such as high-voltage high-power devices and optical sensors and other opportunities for future development are addressed.

Multilevel inverters: a survey of topologies, controls, and applications

The many different techniques for maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic (PV) arrays are discussed. The techniques are taken from the literature dating back to the earliest methods. It is shown that at least 19 distinct methods have been introduced in the literature, with many variations on implementation. This paper should serve as a convenient reference for future work in PV power generation.

/pdf/comparison-of-photovoltaic-array-maximum-power-point-2nci76j6n4.pdf

Comparison of Photovoltaic Array Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques

This paper presents a technology review of voltage-source-converter topologies for industrial medium-voltage drives. In this highly active area, different converter topologies and circuits have found their application in the market. This paper covers the high-power voltage-source inverter and the most used multilevel-inverter topologies, including the neutral-point-clamped, cascaded H-bridge, and flying-capacitor converters. This paper presents the operating principle of each topology and a review of the most relevant modulation methods, focused mainly on those used by industry. In addition, the latest advances and future trends of the technology are discussed. It is concluded that the topology and modulation-method selection are closely related to each particular application, leaving a space on the market for all the different solutions, depending on their unique features and limitations like power or voltage level, dynamic performance, reliability, costs, and other technical specifications.

Multilevel Voltage-Source-Converter Topologies for Industrial Medium-Voltage Drives

The modular multilevel converter (MMC) has been a subject of increasing importance for medium/high-power energy conversion systems. Over the past few years, significant research has been done to address the technical challenges associated with the operation and control of the MMC. In this paper, a general overview of the basics of operation of the MMC along with its control challenges are discussed, and a review of state-of-the-art control strategies and trends is presented. Finally, the applications of the MMC and their challenges are highlighted.

Operation, Control, and Applications of the Modular Multilevel Converter: A Review

DC–DC converters with voltage boost capability are widely used in a large number of power conversion applications, from fraction-of-volt to tens of thousands of volts at power levels from milliwatts to megawatts. The literature has reported on various voltage-boosting techniques, in which fundamental energy storing elements (inductors and capacitors) and/or transformers in conjunction with switch(es) and diode(s) are utilized in the circuit. These techniques include switched capacitor (charge pump), voltage multiplier, switched inductor/voltage lift, magnetic coupling, and multistage/-level, and each has its own merits and demerits depending on application, in terms of cost, complexity, power density, reliability, and efficiency. To meet the growing demand for such applications, new power converter topologies that use the above voltage-boosting techniques, as well as some active and passive components, are continuously being proposed. The permutations and combinations of the various voltage-boosting techniques with additional components in a circuit allow for numerous new topologies and configurations, which are often confusing and difficult to follow. Therefore, to present a clear picture on the general law and framework of the development of next-generation step-up dc–dc converters, this paper aims to comprehensively review and classify various step-up dc–dc converters based on their characteristics and voltage-boosting techniques. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of these voltage-boosting techniques and associated converters are discussed in detail. Finally, broad applications of dc–dc converters are presented and summarized with comparative study of different voltage-boosting techniques.

/pdf/step-up-dc-dc-converters-a-comprehensive-review-of-voltage-6dlytctzg2.pdf

Step-Up DC–DC Converters: A Comprehensive Review of Voltage-Boosting Techniques, Topologies, and Applications

A Small Signal Modeling of Three-level Neutral-Point-Clamped Inverter and Neutral-Point Voltage Oscillation Reduction

This paper proposes a novel fault detection algorithm for a brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive system. This proposed method is configured without the additional sensor for fault detection and identification. The fault detection and identification are achieved by a simple algorithm using the operating characteristic of the BLDC motor. The drive system after the fault identification is reconfigured by four-switch topology connecting a faulty leg to the middle point of DC-link using bidirectional switches. This proposed method can also be embedded into existing BLDC motor drive systems as a subroutine without excessive computational effort. The feasibility of a novel fault detection algorithm is validated in simulation.

A simple fault detection of the open-switch damage in BLDC motor drive systems

The performance and dynamic characteristics of a three-phase parallel active power filter with PCC voltage compensation is presented and analyzed m this paper. The proposed scheme in this paper employs a PWM voltage-source Inverter and has two operation modes. First, It operates as a conventional active filter with reactive power compensation while PCC voltage is in a certain range Second, it operates as a voltage compensator while PCC voltage is out of certain range. And both APF and voltage compensator compensate asymmetries caused by nonlinear loads Finally, the validity of this scheme is investigated through analysis of experimental results for a prototype active power filter system rated at IOKVA

Control System for Three-Phase Active Power Filter with PCC Voltage Compensation Considering the Unbalanced Load

In this paper, a robust and fast grid synchronization method of a three-phase power converter is proposed. The amplitude and phase information of grid voltages are essential for power converters to be properly connected into the utility. The phase-lock-loop in synchronous reference frame has been widely adopted for the three-phase converter system since it shows a satisfactory performance under balanced grid voltages. However, power converters often operate under abnormal grid conditions, i.e. unbalanced by grid faults and frequency variations, and thus a proper active and reactive power control cannot be guaranteed. The proposed method adopts a second order generalized integrator in synchronous reference frame to detect positive sequence components under unbalanced grid voltages. The proposed method has a fast and robust performance due to its higher gain and frequency adaptive capability. Simulation and experimental results show the verification of the proposed synchronization algorithm and the effectiveness to detect positive sequence voltage.

A Fast and Robust Grid Synchronization Algorithm of a Three-phase Converters under Unbalanced and Distorted Utility Voltages

When a forest fire hits a mountainous area, the life of an overhead transmission line is affected by the heat, extinguishing water, chemicals, and dust. The life of a wire depends on the combination of these elements. Generally, how a conductor wire is affected by forest fire can be analyzed only when the forest fire is accurately modeled and its effects identified. In Korea, however, there are few studies that were conducted based on a forest fire model for transmission lines. There have not been any results from analyzing actual test specimens that were exposed to forest fire. In this study, an artificial dust experiment device was designed and used in the tests because the deterioration characteristics from a forest fire and dust cannot be directly analyzed. The device is set to show field conditions. ACSR 410 mm2 were used as test specimens. These wires are commonly used for overhead transmission lines in Korea and now are used to analyze tensile strength. In addition, the transmission line samples were collected from the field where a forest fire occurred. They were then compared with the experiment data to estimate their degree of deterioration.

Estimation of Deterioration Degree in Overhead Transmission Lines by Tension Load Analysis

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