Optimal Interfacial Engineering with Different Length of Alkylammonium Halide for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

A review on photoelectrochemical hydrogen production systems: Challenges and future directions

This review gives concise information on green technology (GT) and Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0). Climate change has begun showing its impacts on the environment, and the change is real. The devastating COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected lives and the world from the deadly consequences at a social, economic, and environmental level. In order to balance this crisis, there is a need to transition toward green, sustainable forms of living and practices. We need green innovative technologies (GTI) and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to develop green, durable, biodegradable, and eco-friendly products for a sustainable future. GTI encompasses all innovations that contribute to developing significant products, services, or processes that lower environmental harm, impact, and worsening while augmenting natural resource utilization. Sensors are typically used in IoT environmental monitoring applications to aid ecological safety by nursing air or water quality, atmospheric or soil conditions, and even monitoring species' movements and habitats. The industries and the governments are working together, have come up with solutions-the Green New Deal, carbon pricing, use of bio-based products as biopesticides, in biopharmaceuticals, green building materials, bio-based membrane filters for removing pollutants, bioenergy, biofuels and are essential for the green recovery of world economies. Environmental biotechnology, Green Chemical Engineering, more bio-based materials to separate pollutants, and product engineering of advanced materials and environmental economies are discussed here to pave the way toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the UN and achieve the much-needed IR 4.0 for a greener-balanced environment and a sustainable future. 

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Recent advances in green technology and Industrial Revolution 4.0 for a sustainable future

In perovskite solar cells, doped organic semiconductors are often used as charge-extraction interlayers situated between the photoactive layer and the electrodes. The π-conjugated small molecule 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD) is the most frequently used semiconductor in the hole-conducting layer1-6, and its electrical properties considerably affect the charge collection efficiencies of the solar cell7. To enhance the electrical conductivity of spiro-OMeTAD, lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (LiTFSI) is typically used in a doping process, which is conventionally initiated by exposing spiro-OMeTAD:LiTFSI blend films to air and light for several hours. This process, in which oxygen acts as the p-type dopant8-11, is time-intensive and largely depends on ambient conditions, and thus hinders the commercialization of perovskite solar cells. Here we report a fast and reproducible doping method that involves bubbling a spiro-OMeTAD:LiTFSI solution with CO2 under ultraviolet light. CO2 obtains electrons from photoexcited spiro-OMeTAD, rapidly promoting its p-type doping and resulting in the precipitation of carbonates. The CO2-treated interlayer exhibits approximately 100 times higher conductivity than a pristine film while realizing stable, high-efficiency perovskite solar cells without any post-treatments. We also show that this method can be used to dope π-conjugated polymers.

CO 2 doping of organic interlayers for perovskite solar cells.

Perovskite solar cells appear to be the most promising candidate for thin-film solar cells. ETL layer which can be processed at lower temperature is highly desired. In this work, an n-i-p PSC was simulated using SCAPS 1-D simulator in which different ETL layers were used keeping other layers fixed. Among all the ETL layers used, we found a new ETL material WO3 which showed better power conversion efficiency and other PV parameters as compared to other ETL’s. The proposed ETL gave an efficiency of 15.54% under optimal conditions. This paper addresses the properties of WO3 thin films to be used as ETL layer in PSC and a comparative study has been done with other suitable ETL layers reported till date with the optimization of the absorber layer as well as HTL layer thickness.

Analysis of various ETL materials for an efficient perovskite solar cell by numerical simulation

Mismatch robustness and its effects on security of chaotic optical communication system based on injection-locking chaos synchronization are studied numerically by establishing the corresponding SIMULINK model. Unlike previous studies, we focus on the communication relating issues when parameter mismatches are considered. The mismatch robustness of generalized synchronization is discussed firstly in terms of cross-correlation coefficient and synchronization error. Decoding performances as well as the effects of message strength are examined for both with and without mismatch cases. Effects of injection strength on system decoding performances are also investigated by examining the chaos-pass filtering effect. Finally, a modified decoding scheme is brought forward to improve the system decoding capability. Results show that the system under consideration exhibits unconspicuous difference in both synchronization and decoding characteristics when large parameter mismatches are considered. The system based on injection-locking chaos synchronization is inappropriate for the applications where high transmission security is necessary

Mismatch robustness and security of chaotic optical communications based on injection-locking chaos synchronization

Perovskite Solar Cells: Optoelectronic Simulation and Optimization

Optoelectronic modeling of the Si/α-Fe 2 O 3 heterojunction photoanode

Chaos synchronization in two unidirectionally coupled vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with open-loop configuration is studied numerically. We consider two low-order transverse modes for weakly index-guided VCSELs and investigate the generalized type of chaos synchronization for both global coupling and mode-selective coupling configurations. It is found that the synchronization can be obtained between each mode of the transmitter and the receiver lasers when all modes of the transmitter are injected into the receiver equally and coupled with the corresponding modes of the receiver laser. For mode-selective cases, the modes with strong optical injection can achieve the synchronization; while the rest modes without coupling can not obtain the synchronization any more even though the injection is very strong. The results afford an opportunity to multichannel optical secure communications.

Chaos synchronization of unidirectionally injected vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with global and mode-selective coupling.

Photocurrent and voltage losses are the fundamental limitations for improving the efficiency of photovoltaic devices. It is indeed that a comprehensive and quantitative differentiation of the performance degradation in solar cells will promote the understanding of photovoltaic physics as well as provide a useful guidance to design highly-efficient and cost-effective solar cells. Based on optoelectronic simulation that addresses electromagnetic and carrier-transport responses in a coupled finite-element method, we report a detailed quantitative analysis of photocurrent and voltage losses in solar cells. We not only concentrate on the wavelength-dependent photocurrent loss, but also quantify the variations of photocurrent and operating voltage under different forward electrical biases. Further, the device output power and power losses due to carrier recombination, thermalization, Joule heat, and Peltier heat are studied through the optoelectronic simulation. The deep insight into the gains and losses of the...

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Optoelectronic insights into the photovoltaic losses from photocurrent, voltage, and energy perspectives

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