Soil compaction can cause significant crop yield reductions. Effective management of soil compaction caused by tractors requires an understanding of the influence of the tractive system on soil compaction. Soil strain under tractors equipped with single rear wheels, dual rear wheels, or steel tracks was measured and compared. Tractors were of nearly equal mass. Strain was measured by using soil-strain transducers installed at 100-, 150-, 200-, and 300-mm depths beneath the soil surface. Soil strain was defined as the change in transducer length divided by the initial length of the transducer when installed in the soil. Soil strain at 100- to 245-mm depth was significantly greater for the tractor with single rear wheels than for the other tractors. The difference in soil strain caused by tractors with different tractive systems decreased with soil depth.

https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1759&context=abe_eng_pubs

Soil strain under three tractor configurations

http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/~gyavuzcan/documents/scipapers/2.pdf

Soil strength as affected by tillage system and wheel traffic in wheat -corn rotation in central Anatolia

The effects of soil compaction on the production of processing vegetables and field crops - A review

The present study was conducted with the aim of collecting (harvesting) rainfall water for cereals production under dryland farming areas. A laboratory experiments were carried out in a sandy loam soil in the glass house of Silsoe College Cranfield University-U.K in a split-split plot design to investigate the effect of compacted ridges on concentrating rainfall water for wheat crop production. The treatments included four soil surface conditions (flat surface, loose ridge/furrow, compact ridge/furrow and plastic covered ridge/furrow), three levels of simulated rainfall (2.50, 5.00 and 10.00 mm) and two planting depths (20 and 35 mm). A soil bin laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of a concrete conical press wheel which was used for compaction of ridges. Results indicated that the number of seeds that germinated in the furrows with compacted ridge sides was higher than in both furrows with loose ridge sides and flat surface. The statistical analysis of the results showed significant difference (p ≥ 0.01) between soil surface treatments. Depth of sowing observed had no significant effect on seed germination, but sowing at 35mm depth was better than that at 20mm depth. The results showed that the amount of simulated rainfall level have significant effect on seed germination (p ≥ 0.01). The highest amount of rainfall (10mm) was found to record the highest number of germinated seeds in all treatments. The results revealed that compaction of about 1.50 g/cm in a sandy loam soil was achieved when the press wheel was loaded with a weight of 200 kg at 9.66% soil moisture content. This gave the ridge a good finish as compared to a weight of 400 kg as the latter produced cracks on the top and sides of the ridges. A small field experiment was conducted at the Gedaref Research Station, in the rainfed agricultural sector of Sudan, to investigate the effect of compact ridges on sorghum crop production. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three blocks and three treatments. The treatments included the wide level disc harrow (WLD), planting with a planter on flat surface and manually planting in compacted ridge/furrow. The sides of the ridges were compacted by dragging a piece of metal on the sides of ridges. The ridge/furrow treatment recorded the highest soil bulk density (1.21 gm/cm) as compared to the planter (1.09 gm/cm) and the WLD (1.02 g/cm) treatments. It also gave the highest sorghum grain yield (498 kg/fed) followed by the planter treatment (485 kg/fed) and the least yield was recorded in the WLD treatment (456 kg/fed). The laboratory and field experiments confirmed that compacted ridges technique can help in concentrating low rainfall water for dryland farming. ميحرلا نمحرلا اللها مسب ةحورطلاا ةصلاخ ردلا هذه تيرجا يضارلاا قطانمب للاغلا ليصاحم جاتنلا راطملاا هايم زيآرت فدهب ةسا ةفاجلا . دليفنارآ ةعماجب وسلس ةيلكب يجاجزلا تيبلاب ةيمط ةبرت يف ةيلمعم براجت ءارجا مت ةبرتلا حطس تلااح رثا ةساردل ةرطشنملا حئارشلا ميمصتب ةدحتملا ةكلمملاب ، ةايملا تايمآ لا زيآرت ىلع ةعارزلا قمعو حمقلا لوصحم جاتنلا ةايم . تلااح ةعبرا ىلع تلاماعملا تلمتشا ةبرتلا حطسل ) ةيوتسم ضرا ، ةككفم تابارس ، ةكآدم تابارس ، كيتسلابلاب ةاطغم تابارس ( ، راطملال ةاآاحم جذامن ةثلاث ) ٢٫٥ ، ٥٫٠ ، ١٠٫٠ ملم ( ، ةعارزلل نيقمعو ) ٢٠ ، ملم ٣٥ ملم .( طغضلا ةلجع مييقتل ةيلمعم ةبرجت ءارجا مت بناوج كد يف ةمدختسملا تابارسلا . يتلا نم ربآا ناآ ةكآدملا تابارسلا يف تمن يتلا روذبلا ددع نا جئاتنلا تحضوا دوجو يئاصحلاا ليلحتلا رهظا امنيب ةككفملا تابارسلاو ةيوتسملا ضرلاا يتلماعم يف تمن لاماعملا هذه نيب ةيونعم تاقورف ) P > 0.01 . ( ثات مدع جئاتنلا تحضوا كلذآ ةعارزلا قمع ري قمعلا نا ظحلات نكلو روذبلا ومن ىلع ٣٥ قمعلا نم لضفا جئاتن ىطعا ملم ٢٠ ملم . ترثا راطملأا هايم نم ةيمآ ربآأ نا جئاتنلا ترهظا ثيح روذبلا ومن ىلع راطملاا ةايم ةيمآ ١٠ ملم ىرخلأا تلاماعملاب ةًنراقم روذبلا ومنل لدعم ربآأ تطعأ ) P ≥ 0.01 .( وأ كلذآ جئاتنلا تحض ةبرت ةفاثآ ىلع لوصحلل هنا ١٫٥ مجآ / مس ٣ نزو ةفاضإ بجي ةيلمر ةيمط ةبرت يف ٢٠٠ مجآ ةبرت ةبوطر دنع طغضلا ةلجعل ٩٫٦٦ % ةفاضإ دنع تابارسلا يف تاقششت ثدح امنيب ٤٠٠ مجآ . ميمصتب ةيرطملا ةعارزلا ةقطنمب فراضقلا ثوحب ةطحمب ةدودحم ةبرجت تيرجأ لا ةلماآ تاعاطق لوصحم جاتنلا تلاماعم ةثلاثو تاعاطق ةثلاث ىلع تلمتشا دقو ةيئاوشع ةرذلا . ىلع ةعارزلا ةلا مادختساب ةعارزلا ضيرعلا يصرقلا طشملا نم تلاماعملا تنوكت ةكآدم تبارس ىف ايودي ةعارزلاو ةيوتسم ضرا . ندعملا نم ةعطق رجب تابارسلا بناوج كد مت ئاتنلا ترهظأ تابارسلا بناوج ىلع تبارسلا ةلماعم ىف تناآ ةبرتلا ةفاثكل ةميق ربآأ نأ ج ةكآدملا ) ١٫٢١ مج / مس ٣ ( ةعارزلا ةلا تلاماعمب ةنراقم ) ١٫٠٩ مج / مس ٣ ( يصرقلا طشملا و ) ١٫٠٢ مج / مس ٣ ( ةرذلا لوصحمل جاتنا ربآأ ةلماعملا هذه تطعأ كلذآو ) ٤٩٨ مجآ / نادف ( اهتلت ةعارزلا ةلا ةلماعم ) ٤٨٥ مجآ / نادف ( طعأ امنيب جاتنا لقأ يصرقلا طشملا ةلماعم ت ) ٤٥٦ مجآ / نادف .(

Soil Moisture Concentration in Dryland Farming of SudanR06

Experiment was conducted to obtain information on seperate and interaction effects of tillage passes and 15-15-15 NPK fertilizer application rates on some growth parameters, N, P and K uptake by Amaranthus viridis, hence the use of a tractor implement with specified specification on sandy clay soil planted with Amaranthus viridis. The research was conducted at vegetable research plot, Department of Agricultural Technology, The Oke-Ogun Polytechnic, Saki, between 2nd July and 30th September, 2015. Soil treatments consisting of three levels of tillage passes (0, 3 and 6) equivalent to 1.7, 1.3 and 1.5 g/cm3 soil bulk density respectively, four levels of 15-15-15 NPK fertilizer rates (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha) and replicated three times in a completely randomized design. The results showed that no-tillage pass had significant effect on bulk density, zero tillage reduced the percent uptake of N(0.58-0.46), P (0.002-0.0005) and K (0.13-0.04), however, statistically, the reduced effects were more pronounced on Nitrogen and Potassium. Fertilizer rates significantly improved percent uptake of N (0.11-0.58), P (0.0004-0.005) and K (0.04-0.07). Interactions (tillage passes × fertilizer rates) effects were observed on plant height, stem girth,fresh weight, root length and percent N, P and K uptake, but T2F2 (6 passes × 150 kg/ha) significantly increasedplant height and improved uptake of Phosphorous, therefore, 6 passes and 150 kg/ha 15-15-15 could be more suitable for optimum production for Amaranthus viridis on a sandy clay soil.

https://www.longdom.org/open-access/effects-of-varying-tillage-passes-and-151515-npk-fertilizer-on-someagronomic-parameters-nitrogen-phosphorous-and-potassium-uptake-2376-0354-1000179.pdf

Effects of Varying Tillage Passes and 15-15-15 NPK Fertilizer on SomeAgronomic Parameters, Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium Uptake byAmaranthus viridis in Derived Savannah of Southwest Nigeria

Farm Equipment and Soil Compaction

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Farm Equipment and Soil Compaction