Economic and Financial Decisions under Risk

The aim of this paper is to find out if the high economic growth rates achieved by the CEE countries are based either on consumption or on investments, considering many exogenous factors that impac...

/pdf/consumption-vs-investments-for-stimulating-economic-growth-4y0qdgm84t.pdf

Consumption vs. Investments for stimulating economic growth and employment in the CEE Countries – a panel analysis

Aims Recent decades have seen very large declines in coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality across most of Europe, partly due to declines in risk factors such as smoking. Cardiovascular diseases (predominantly CHD and stroke), remain, however, the main cause of death in most European countries, and many risk factors for CHD, particularly obesity, have been increasing substantially over the same period. It is hypothesized that observed reductions in CHD mortality have occurred largely within older age groups, and that rates in younger groups may be plateauing or increasing as the gains from reduced smoking rates are increasingly cancelled out by increasing rates of obesity and diabetes. The aim of this study was to examine sex-specific trends in CHD mortality between 1980 and 2009 in the European Union (EU) and compare trends between adult age groups. Methods Sex-specific data from the WHO global mortality database were analysed using the joinpoint software to examine trends and significant changes in trends in age-standardized mortality rates. Specific age groups analysed were: under 45, 45–54, 55–64, and 65 years and over. The number and location of significant joinpoints for each country by sex and age group was determined (maximum of 3) using a log-linear model, and the annual percentage change within each segment calculated. Average annual percentage change overall (1980–2009) and separately for each decade were calculated with respect to the underlying joinpoint model. Results Recent CHD rates are now less than half what they were in the early 1980s in many countries, in younger adult age groups as well as in the population overall. Trends in mortality rates vary markedly between EU countries, but less so between age groups and sexes within countries. Fifteen countries showed evidence of a recent plateauing of trends in at least one age group for men, as did 12 countries for women. This did not, however, appear to be any more common in younger age groups compared with older adults. There was little evidence to support the hypothesis that mortality rates have recently begun to plateau in younger age groups in the EU as a whole, although such plateaus and even a small number of increases in CHD mortality in younger subpopulations were observed in a minority of countries. Conclusion There is limited evidence to support the hypothesis that CHD mortality rates in younger age groups in the member states of the EU have been more likely to plateau than in older age groups. There are, however, substantial and persistent inequalities between countries. It remains vitally important for the whole EU to monitor and work towards reducing preventable risk factors for CHD and other chronic conditions to promote wellbeing and equity across the region.

Trends in age-specific coronary heart disease mortality in the european union over three decades: 1980 to 2009

The labor force is important in terms of the results obtained in the national economy. In general terms, labor, according to the theories of some economists, is a major factor in production. Along with the capital and financial-material resources, the work comes to complete, from a factorial point of view, the conditions for obtaining the best possible production. The labor force must be interpreted as part of the employed population, which operates on the basis of an employment contract. In the concrete situation of Romania, the number of employees is completed with the number of unemployed who together constitute the employed population in Romania. As a rule, the labor force must be recruited from the unemployed population, the population that is made up of the unemployed or is the active population, without fulfilling the conditions to pass into the category of the employed population. In this context, the territorial employment offices pursue persons registered as unemployed, who are thus considered or as a jobseeker. Labor market rigidity is becoming an increasingly important issue in the wake of the shocks associated with economic crises. The labor market has faced major changes in the context of the economic transition process, manifested by the reduction of the active and employed population, maintaining the unemployment rate at constant values. The labor market is generally affected by the limited capacity to create new jobs. This paper involved identifying issues related to the labor crisis, both globally and in Romania.

Human resources management - labor crisis

Macroeconomic forecasting is indispensable in establishing action plans for any governance system, statistical and economic models and models as the tool for assessing the past and present situation and the starting point for future decisions. Recent research and reports indicate that Romania is currently on an upward, very favorable trend, and if measures are not taken urgently to consolidate this advantage and straighten vulnerabilities, we are likely to lose what we have achieved To achieve in recent years growth. The article highlights in the first place the progress we have made on some indicators in the recent period and the objectives for the next period.

The Importance Of The Forecasting Methodology In Establishing And Evaluating The National Action Directions

Macroeconomic analysis is reduced, most often the interpretation of how they have evolved and results indicators, particularly gross domestic product. Macroeconomic studies reveal that a number of other variables (indicators) calculated at this level but clearly the trend of future macroeconomic developments. Thus inflation, unemployment, economic growth, etc. have a close correlation with how it has evolved GDP. The pace of evolving macroeconomic indicators expressing the connection between these sizes and suggest future evolution trend. Studying literature and concludes that results from macroeconomic indicators (GDP, PIN, VN, VND) and other macroeconomic indicators calculated at a number of correlations and proportions. The authors have proposed in this article to highlight the main theoretical about correlations and proportions are established at the macroeconomic level. Will be analyzed and will do is specify where all the macroeconomic correlations identified. These correlations and proportions are completed by statistical and mathematical relationships, on which you can perform static analysis, dynamic or structured. The focus is on identifying and analyzing correlations core growth. The theoretical elements can be used in concrete and comprehensive analysis. In this respect in the (relationships) can be used mathematical identified existing data. Then the concrete results can predict trends for forecasting future work.

Theoretical considerations regarding the main macroeconomic proportions and correlations

The risk reflects the chance of an unfavorable event with negative consequences for the decision maker. It is influenced by events or phenomena that affect the affairs of commercial companies, the expression of the failure to achieve the intended gain or the loss in economic transactions. When making the financial-economic decision, the decision-maker must take into account the risk of occurrence of events that may have adverse effects on its objectives. In general, the risk is avoided or if it is not possible to try to minimize it or transfer it. This article presents the concept of risk and uncertainty in making financial and economic decisions in the company’s activity, the distinction between the two and the consequences that may arise.

General Aspects of Risk and Uncertainty in Making Financial – Economic Decisions

The evolution of each country must also be based on cooperation in economic sciences. To the extent that each Member State progresses and participates in the launch of joint projects, it is also possible to strengthen the European Union (EU). This article will undertake a study that highlights the role of international cooperation. The authors present details of Romania's R & D and innovation strategy by 2020, in line with the strategy adopted by the European Union in its "Horizon 2020" program in this area. Examples of projects are given. In this article, the authors focus on presenting Romania's strategy and policy in the field of industrial, technological and innovation research, in the general context of the European Union's "Horizon 2020" development program. Elements of Romania's development-innovation strategy are highlighted by 2020 and beyond. We present details of some projects initiated by our country in the context of the European Union.

https://hrmars.com/papers_submitted/4186/Romanias_Strategy_in_the_Field_of_Research_and_Innovation,_in_the_Context_of_the_European_Union.pdf

Romania's Strategy in the Field of Research and Innovation, in the Context of the European Union

In this paper, authors analyze the evolution of the Gross Domestic Product, considered as dependent variable, under the influence of the components of final consumption. The final consumption of households, and the final consumption of public administration, are uses of the Gross Domestic Product. The final consumption can be considered as a major indicator of the Romanian economy dynamics, so the analysis of its influence, thus the analysis on its influence on economic growth will provide valuable results.

Model analysis of the correlation between GDP and final consumption components

In making the Gross Domestic Product, according to the production function theories, contributes to capital, human capital and resources. Of course, the workforce has an important share.The authors propose in this article to analyze how the population of Romania evolved in 2017, starting from the fact that year-on-year there is a decrease in the population. From this point of view, an analysis was made starting from several indicators that have significance in the analysis of the natural movement of the population. Thus, the natality, mortality and natural growth of the population is a group of three indicators, on the basis of which it can be appreciated, from a period of time, through their correlation, which is the tendency of population evolution in Romania. Also, taking into account the deaths that occur during the same period of time, by assimilation and comparison of birth rates, we reach the natural increase of the population, meaning that by the deaths of the age-old quotas the population decreases and their place should be taken by the young contingents, as an element of birth during the same period of time.It is also unimportant that during the analyzed period we should also focus on other categories of indicators, such as the number of live births, infant mortality, deaths, and other indicators of significance such as the rate of marriages, the rate of divorce and, last but not least, the external movement of the population in the sense that from time to time there is an increase in the number of persons who establish their residence in other states and the fact that the person’s domicile is often the declared address, but not the residence of those persons.We have given these indicators the importance in order to determine precisely what the population was changing in 2017.

Analysis of the natural movement of population and labor force development

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