Harmful non-indigenous species (NIS) impose great economic and environmental impacts globally, but little is known about their impacts in Southeast Asia. Lack of knowledge of the magnitude of the problem hinders the allocation of appropriate resources for NIS prevention and management. We used benefit-cost analysis embedded in a Monte-Carlo simulation model and analysed economic and environmental impacts of NIS in the region to estimate the total burden of NIS in Southeast Asia. The total annual loss caused by NIS to agriculture, human health and the environment in Southeast Asia is estimated to be US$33.5 billion (5th and 95th percentile US$25.8â€“39.8 billion). Losses and costs to the agricultural sector are estimated to be nearly 90% of the total (US$23.4â€“33.9 billion), while the annual costs associated with human health and the environment are US$1.85 billion (US$1.4â€“2.5 billion) and US$2.1 billion (US$0.9â€“3.3 billion), respectively, although these estimates are based on conservative assumptions. We demonstrate that the economic and environmental impacts of NIS in low and middle-income regions can be considerable and that further measures, such as the adoption of regional risk assessment protocols to inform decisions on prevention and control of NIS in Southeast Asia, could be beneficial.

Economic and Environmental Impacts of Harmful Non-Indigenous Species in Southeast Asia

Fil: Martin, Pablo Rafael. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Bahia Blanca. Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas y Biomedicas del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biologia, Bioquimica y Farmacia. Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas y Biomedicas del Sur; Argentina

Invasive Pomacea snails: actual and potential environmental impacts and their underlying mechanisms.

Ampullariids are widespread in Africa, Asia, South‐ and Central America, and the Caribbean Islands. Basal phylogenetic relationships of the African genera Afropomus and Saulea have been inferred based on anatomical evidence. Until recently the Viviparidae was regarded as the sister‐group of Ampullariidae, but recent molecular data infer a sister‐group relationship with Campanilidae. We have used members of both families as outgroups in the present investigation on ampullariid phylogeny. We have used data from portions of five molecular loci, that is, the nuclear genes 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and H3, and the mitochondrial genes 16S rRNA and COI. Our data most often infer a basal position of Afropomus. The West African species Saulea is inferred as the basal member of a clade including the South American Marisa and Pomacea. We hypothesize that evolutionary lineages leading to Saulea and the American genera were isolated from each other by vicariance events (Gondwanaland break‐up 130–110 Mya). Our individual gene analyses inferred two major clades of the African Lanistes. However, in some analyses they were not inferred as sister‐groups making Lanistes paraphyletic. The African and Asian genus Pila is most often inferred to be monophyletic (except for the generally unresolved 28S). Our analyses most often inferred a sister‐group relationship between Lanistes and Pila. The very low genetic diversity of the endemic radiation of Lanistes in Lake Malawi suggests that the morphological divergence has happened much faster than the molecular divergence as is also evidenced from the cichlid radiations.

A molecular phylogeny of apple snails (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Ampullariidae) with emphasis on the African species

The Tonle Sap Lake in Cambodia is a crucial freshwater biodiversity hotspot and supports one of the world's largest inland fisheries. Within the Tonle Sap basin, freshwater molluscs provide vital ecosystem services and are among the fauna targetted for commercial harvesting. Despite their importance, freshwater molluscs of the Tonle Sap basin remain poorly studied. The historical literature was reviewed and at least 153 species of freshwater molluscs have been previously recorded from throughout Cambodia, including 33 from the Tonle Sap basin. Surveys of the Tonle Sap Lake and surrounding watershed were also conducted and found 31 species, 15 bivalves (five families) and 16 gastropods (eight families), in the Tonle Sap basin, including three new records for Cambodia (Scaphula minuta, Novaculina siamensis, Wattebledia siamensis), the presence of globally invasive Pomacea maculata and potential pest species like Limnoperna fortunei. This study represents the most comprehensive documentation of freshwater molluscs of the Tonle Sap basin, and voucher specimens deposited at the Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Cambodia, represent the first known reference collection of freshwater molluscs in the country. In order to combat the combined anthropogenic pressures, including invasive species, climate change and dams along the Mekong River, a multi-pronged approach is urgently required to study the biodiversity, ecology, ecosystem functioning of freshwater molluscs and other aquatic fauna in the Tonle Sap basin.

Annotated checklist of freshwater molluscs from the largest freshwater lake in Southeast Asia.

Invasive species of Pomacea snails are of growing concern when it comes to the conservation of global biodiversity. Pomacea canaliculata has been listed among the world’s 100 worst invasive species. In this work, phylogeographic patterns and the demographic history of P. canaliculata and P. maculata from different countries were analyzed using mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit-I (COI) sequences. The results showed that P. canaliculata and P. maculata had high genetic diversity, significant genetic differentiation, limited gene flow and stable population dynamics among different countries. Genetic diversity of P. canaliculata was higher than P. maculata. Our study will also provide important information for the effective prevention and control of the spread of Pomacea snails.

Phylogeographic patterns and demographic history of Pomacea canaliculata and Pomacea maculata from different countries (Ampullariidae, Gastropoda, Mollusca)

South-east Asian apple snails, Pila spp., have been declining since the introduction of globally invasive, confamilial South American Pomacea spp., yet Pila ecology remains poorly studied, with most occurrence records unconfirmed. Pila scutata, a previously widespread species, presumed native to the Malay peninsula and assessed as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List, was formerly harvested for food, and may have experienced anthropogenic translocations. We surveyed the Malay peninsula (specifically Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore) to investigate the current distribution and genetic diversity of P. scutata. Six populations were found in Singapore, but only one in Peninsular Malaysia. Mitochondrial COI and 16S sequencing revealed that the Malaysian population shared a single haplotype of both genes with the Singapore populations (500 km distant). This low genetic diversity could stem from a recent anthropogenic introduction, which brings into question the true native range of P. scutata and, coupled with poorly resolved taxonomy of the genus, necessitates a reassessment of its IUCN Red List status. Introduced populations pose a dilemma, and the lack of genetic diversity is of concern in light of Pila decline throughout South-east Asia. Our results highlight that conservation management of P. scutata and its congeners must therefore be better informed by greater taxonomic resolution and more comprehensive investigations of their ecology, both in native and introduced ranges.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D3FC9FB40131C4C1DFB9045E320659E7/S0030605318000443a.pdf/div-class-title-not-in-the-least-concern-anthropogenic-influences-on-a-south-east-asian-apple-snail-span-class-italic-pila-scutata-span-ampullariidae-div.pdf

Not in the Least Concern: anthropogenic influences on a South-east Asian apple snail Pila scutata (Ampullariidae)

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Not in the Least Concern: anthropogenic influences on a South-east Asian apple snail Pila scutata (Ampullariidae)