Membrane fouling is a major concern for the optimization of membrane bioreactor (MBR) technologies. Numerous studies have been led in the field of membrane fouling control in order to assess with precision the fouling mechanisms which affect membrane resistance to filtration, such as the wastewater characteristics, the mixed liquor constituents, or the operational conditions, for example. Worldwide applications of MBRs in wastewater treatment plants treating all kinds of influents require new methods to predict membrane fouling and thus optimize operating MBRs. That is why new models capable of simulating membrane fouling phenomenon were progressively developed, using mainly a mathematical or numerical approach. Faced with the limits of such models, artificial neural networks (ANNs) were progressively considered to predict membrane fouling in MBRs and showed great potential. This review summarizes fouling control methods used in MBRs and models built in order to predict membrane fouling. A critical study of the application of ANNs in the prediction of membrane fouling in MBRs was carried out with the aim of presenting the bottlenecks associated with this method and the possibilities for further investigation on the subject.

Prediction of membrane fouling using artificial neural networks for wastewater treated by membrane bioreactor technologies: bottlenecks and possibilities

Recently, the quickly growing population living in urban location has caused numerous conflicts related to increase in water demand and water pollution. In urban areas, the surface water bodies allow runoffs and storms and in addition act as wastewater drainage pathways. Mostly, the imperfect separation of rainwater and clean wastewater has made large quantities of wastewater discharged into the surface water, resulting in serious pollution. There are many treatment methods for the polluted water bodies such as coagulation, filtration, and ecological floating bed which are related to nutrient removal. The above listed methods are usually capable in reducing pollution load. Wastewaters generated from two sources such as point source (domestic and industries) and non-point source (agricultural and storm water runoff). Finally it reaches nearby water bodies and the abovementioned methods are to be frequently employed in a wastewater treatment plant to remove nutrients. Most of the pollutants in the vastly polluted water are in dissolved forms; hence, an appropriate treatment method relevant to the design and development of the integrated multistage reactor with extended wastewater treatment is reviewed in this paper. Evaluating the accumulation, precipitation, retention, and removal of phosphorus, along with removal of nitrogen, is discussed in brief.

Trends in Biological Nutrient Removal for the Treatment of Low Strength Organic Wastewaters

Performance assessment and hydrodynamic analysis of a submerged membrane bioreactor for treating dairy industrial effluent.

A novel micro-pressure swirl reactor (MPSR) was designed and applied to treat domestic wastewater at low temperature by acclimating microbial biomass with steadily decreasing temperature from 15 to 3 °C. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was constantly removed by 85% and maintained below 50 mg L−1 in the effluent during the process. When the air flow was controlled at 0.2 m3 h−1, a swirl circulation was formed in the reactor, which created a dissolved oxygen (DO) gradient with a low DO zone in the center and a high DO zone in the periphery for denitrification and nitrification. 81% of total nitrogen was removed by this reactor, in which ammonium was reduced by over 90%. However, denitrification was less effective because of the presence of low levels of oxygen. The progressively decreasing temperature favored acclimation of psychrophilic bacteria in the reactor, which replaced mesophilic bacteria in the process of treatment.

Characterization of a novel micro-pressure swirl reactor for removal of chemical oxygen demand and total nitrogen from domestic wastewater at low temperature.

The aim of this work was the application of the ASM3 models simulations to obtain most favorable operations conditions in membrane bioreactors for efficient organic matter removal, sludge production reduction and oxygen transfer costs. Simulations were realized used the ASM3 model (Activated Sludge Model)(Henze et al., 2000) for three theoretical influents. The organic load rate (OLR) and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) were fixed at 1 kg COD m -3 d -1 and 0.4 d -1 respectively and the sludge retention time (SRT) was varied from 2.5 d to 67 d. The steady state values of the active biomass concentration (X BH ), the total biomass concentration (X SS ) (active biomass + inert suspended solid), and the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) were obtained for each condition. Thus the observed conversion yield was evaluated (Y OBS ). The results show that, if the SRT increases, the X BH increases until a maximal value. In the other hand, a constant increase evolution of the X SS is observed, without reach a saturation value. Therefore, the suspended solids accumulation after this maximal value are due to a dilution of the active biomass by inert compounds coming from endogenous respiration and also, inert influent. If the OLR restricted the amount of active biomass, on the contrary, high SRT induced high X SS concentration, thus generating rheological sludge properties that penalize the phenomena of mixing, oxygenation and membrane separation.

Optimization of the operations conditions in membrane bioreactors through the use of ASM3 model simulations

Aeration energy demands for bioprocesses and membrane scouring in membrane bioreactors (MBRs) account for 50% to over 70% of the total operational energy consumption. Energy saving achieved by operating MBRs under low dissolved oxygen (DO) would be an interesting approach to bring MBRs to higher levels of efficiency. This review paper is first carried out to provide a systematic investigation on how to achieve good treatment performance and save energy in terms of lowering DO for MBRs. As a result, small scale MBRs operated under low DO (0.5–0.8 mg/L) can allow the process to work properly. At very low DO (0.2 mg/L), MBRs can still have a good performance, e.g., chemical oxygen demands and total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiencies are higher than 90% and 60%, respectively. However, low DO could lead to poor sludge flocculation resulting in increasing small particles which deteriorate the membrane filterability.

Low dissolved oxygen membrane bioreactor processes (LDO-MBRs): a review

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Low dissolved oxygen membrane bioreactor processes (LDO-MBRs): a review