A comprehensive review of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) allowing the prediction of the fate of organic compounds in the environment from their molecular properties was done. The considered processes were water dissolution, dissociation, volatilization, retention on soils and sediments (mainly adsorption and desorption), degradation (biotic and abiotic), and absorption by plants. A total of 790 equations involving 686 structural molecular descriptors are reported to estimate 90 environmental parameters related to these processes. A significant number of equations was found for dissociation process (pKa), water dissolution or hydrophobic behavior (especially through the KOW parameter), adsorption to soils and biodegradation. A lack of QSAR was observed to estimate desorption or potential of transfer to water. Among the 686 molecular descriptors, five were found to be dominant in the 790 collected equations and the most generic ones: four quantum-chemical descriptors, the energy of the...

/pdf/prediction-of-the-fate-of-organic-compounds-in-the-5deim1z4tc.pdf

Prediction of the fate of organic compounds in the environment from their molecular properties: a review.

Electrochemical degradation of chlorobenzene on boron-doped diamond and platinum electrodes.

A comparative study on the uptake and translocation of organochlorines by Phragmites australis

The health risk resulting from benzene exposure in petroleum refineries was calculated using data from the scientific literature from various countries throughout the world. The exposure data was collated into four scenarios from petroleum refinery environments and plotted as cumulative probability distributions (CPD) plots. Health risk was evaluated for each scenario using the Hazard Quotient (HQ) at 50% (CEXP50) and 95% (CEXP95) exposure levels. Benzene levels were estimated to pose a significant risk with HQ50 > 1 and HQ95 > 1 for workers exposed to benzene as base estimates for petroleum refinery workers (Scenario 1), petroleum refinery workers evaluated with personal samplers in Bulgarian refineries (Scenario 2B) and evaluated using air inside petroleum refineries in Bulgarian refineries (Scenario 3B). HQ50 1. The excess Cancer risk (CR) for lifetime exposure to benzene for all the scenarios was evaluated using the Slope Factor and Overall Risk Probability (ORP) methods. The result suggests a potential cancer risk for exposure to benzene in all the scenarios. However, there is a higher cancer risk at 95% (CEXP95) for petroleum refinery workers (2B) with a CR of 48,000 per 106 and exposure to benzene in air inside petroleum refineries (3B) with a CR of 28,000 per 106.

Health Risk Assessment for Exposure to Benzene in Petroleum Refinery Environments

Fabrication of 1,2-dichlorobenzene sensor based on mesoporous MCM-41 material

Partition experiments for a series of chlorobenzenes, 1,4-dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB), 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene (1,3,5-TCB), 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene (1,2,4,5-TeCB), pentachlorobenzene (QCB), and hexochlorobenzene (HCB), in a sediment–water system were carried out and the sediment–water partition isotherms for the chlorobenzenes were determined. The partition isotherms were well described by the linear and the Langmuir models. However, experimental data indicated that the partition isotherms exhibited nonlinear trends at high concentrations. The maximum concentrations that can be adsorbed from the Langmuir model decreased with KOW values of the chlorobenzenes. QSAR analysis showed that strong relationships exist between the partition parameters (partition coefficients and maximum concentration that can be adsorbed) and physicochemical properties (molar volume, solubility in water, and KOW values).

Partition Isotherms of Chlorobenzenes in a Sediment–Water System

The evaluation of bioconcentration, toxicity, and hazard (BTH) of persistent lipophilic organic compounds (LOCs) are generally performed as separate rather than integrated assessments. There are adequate data sets in the literature for chlorobenzenes (CBs) consisting of (a) concentrations in aquatic biota (CB) and water (Cw) in the natural environment, (b) laboratory-derived bioconcentration factors (KB) and field concentration ratios (CR), the field equivalent factor of KB, (c) measured internal lethal concentrations (ILC50) and model estimated ILC50 calculated from KB and lethal concentrations (LC50), and (d) calculated hazard quotients in aquatic biota (HQB) and in water (HQW). However, there have been no integrated studies of those parameter values based on the respective lipid-based parameters (CBL, KBL, CRL, ILC50L, HQBL) performed. This study utilized the lipid-based parameters for CBs; a group of widely occuring, bioaccumulative, and toxic LOCs, and integrated those parameters into a bioconcentration–toxicity–hazard (BTHL) index. The values of the parameters were obtained from selected literature with known lipid contents of the aquatic biota. The results showed that the laboratory derived bioconcentration factors, KBLs, were comparable to the corresponding field based factors, CRLs, and the measured internal lethal concentrations, ILC50L, showed comparable values with the estimated ones. The integrated BTHL index was less than an order of magnitude or moderately acceptable for the assessment of variability, uncertainty, and predictive power of the index. This integrated assessment can be used to support decision making dealing with CBs in specific and LOCs in general, both in regional and global aquatic environments.

Integrated Assessment of Bioconcentration, Toxicity, and Hazards of Chlorobenzenes in the Aquatic Environment

Partition kinetics of chlorobenzenes in a sediment-water system

Diabetes merupakan penyakit kronis yang terjadi di saat insulin yang diproduksi oleh tubuh tidak bisa digunakan secara efektif maupun organ pankreas mengalami masalah dimana insulin tidak dapat diproduksi sebagaimana mestinya. Kebaruan penelitian ini karena meneliti tentang efektivitas nanoherbal tomat (solanum lycopersicum) sebagai antihiperglikemia pada tikus diabetes yang terinduksi streptozotocin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk secara sistematis menganalisis dan meninjau hewan dan penelitian pada tikus putih yang diinduksi STZ.  Metode pencarian elektronik dilakukan dengan mencari MEDLINE melalui platform PubMed, Web of Science, Embase melalui platform Ovid, CINAHL, dan Scopus. Penulis juga akan mencari literatur kelabu seperti makalah konferensi, laporan teknis, tesis, dan disertasi di Google Scholar, Google, OpenGrey, ProQuest Disertasi Tesis, dan British Library Ethos. Penulis mencari setiap database hingga November 2021 menggunakan kata kunci MeSH. Istilah pencarian dibagi menjadi tiga komponen, yaitu komponen populasi yang meliputi kata-kata “hewan”, “model hewan”, “studi praklinis”, “hewan percobaan”, “hewan percobaan”, “hewan laboratorium, ” "tikus", "kelinci", "tikus diabetes", "model penyakit hewan". Komponen intervensi dengan kata-kata “Solanum Lycopersicum” “tomat,” dan “nano herbal,” Akhirnya, istilah komponen penyakit akan menjadi "diabetes mellitus, tipe 2," "diabetes mellitus tidak tergantung insulin," "NIDDM," "gangguan metabolisme glukosa," "penyakit metabolik," "hiperlipidemia," "hiperglikemia," "insulin resistensi," dan "intoleransi glukosa." Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa Efektifitas Nanoherbal tomat (Solanum Lycopersicum) sebagai Antihiperglikemia pada tikus diabetes yang terinduksi Streptozotocin. Kesimpulan penelitiannya ada bukti praklinis bahwa Solanum Lycopersicum efektif dalam menurunkan gula darah tinggi.Kata kunci: Diabetes; Streptozotocin; Tomat.AbstractDiabetes is a chronic disease that occurs when the insulin produced by the body cannot be used effectively or the pancreas has problems where insulin cannot be produced properly. The novelty of this study is that it examines the effectiveness of tomato nanoherbal (Solanum lycopersicum) as an antihyperglycemic agent in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. This review aims to systematically analyze and review animals and studies in STZ-induced white mice. An electronic search was carried out by searching for MEDLINE through the PubMed platform, Web of Science, Embase through the Ovid, CINAHL, and Scopus platforms. Authors will also search for gray literature such as conference papers, technical reports, theses, and dissertations on Google Scholar, Google, Open Grey, ProQuest Dissertations Theses, and British Library Ethos. The author searched each database until November 2021 using the keyword MeSH. The search term is divided into three components, namely a population component which includes the words “animal”, “animal model”, “preclinical study”, “experimental animal”, “experimental animal”, “laboratory animal,” “rat”, “rabbit ", "diabetic mice", "animal disease models". The intervention component with the words “Solanum Lycopersicum” “tomato,” and “nano herbal,” Finally, the disease component term would be “diabetes mellitus, type 2,” “non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus,” “NIDDM,” “metabolic disorder. glucose," "metabolic disease," "hyperlipidemia," "hyperglycemia," "insulin resistance," and "glucose intolerance." The results showed that the effectiveness of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) Nanoherbal as Antihyperglycemia in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. The conclusion of the study is that there is preclinical evidence that Solanum Lycopersicum is effective in lowering high blood sugar.

/pdf/effectiveness-of-tomato-solanum-lycopersicum-nanoherbal-as-11tro0is.pdf

Effectiveness of tomato (solanum lycopersicum) nanoherbal as antihyperglycemia in streptozotocin induced diabetic rat

Review of: "Assessment of Quality of drinking waterbased on the water quality index method in Hawassa Zuria Woreda, Sidama Regional State, Ethiopia"

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