Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPBs) are a strong ally for sustainable agriculture. They offer an interesting alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Many microorganisms have been widely documented for their PGPR traits, but actinobacterial microbes which have been increasingly documented only these two past decades for their ability to promote plant growth. Their action on plant health and yield could be either direct, indirect or both. This review will cover articles that have been published on Actinobacteria PGP traits, highlighting the involved mechanisms to reveal their strong potential as microbial fertilizers. Possible strategies to encourage Actinobacteria use as bioinoculants are also discussed.

Plant Growth Promoting Actinobacteria, the Most Promising Candidates as Bioinoculants?

Decoding the mojo of plant-growth-promoting microbiomes

The aim of current research was to explore different fungi as plant growth promoting fungi (PGPF). Strains of Trichoderma are well explored till now. But there are few other fungal strains that are better than Trichoderma strains. The study involves the isolation of different fungi from the rhizosphere of various agriculture farms. After isolation, 18S rRNA identification was carried out. Isolated fungi belonged to genus Penicillium, Talaromyces, Trichoderma, and Aspergillus. Isolate M13 belonging to genus Talaromyces was screened for its plant growth promoting (PGP) activity as it is a novel strain and still to be explored. Isolate M13 was identified as Talaromyces pinophilus (MG011365). Indole acetic acid (IAA) estimation was carried out using Salkowski reagent. Isolate was allowed to grow in cultivation media (Potato Dextrose Broth, PDB) in which one was supplemented with tryptophan (TRP) and one was without TRP. Phosphate solubilization was assessed using Pikovskaya’s media and latter estimated using stannous chloride method, showing decent solubilization of phosphate. Siderophore production was assessed using CAS assay that indicated decent extent of siderophore production. Further for biocontrol, enzymatic assay for β-glucanase and chitinase was carried out. For β-glucanase enzyme production 1% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and for chitinase enzyme production 10% v/v colloidal chitin (as a sole carbon source) supplemented in solid minimal-medium-9 (MM9) were used. Antagonism effect of isolate M13 was carried out against Aspergillus niger by dual cultural method. As the strain M13 showed several PGP traits, liquid bioformulation was prepared to perform seed germination assay and pot trials on chickpea, followed by field trial on banana plant. All the experimental data of biochemical assessment with pot and field trials suggest T. pinophilus M13 as a novel fungus that can be used as biointensifier.

Talaromyces pinophilus strain M13: a portrayal of novel groundbreaking fungal strain for phytointensification.

Significant quantities of food waste are accumulated globally on an annual basis, with approximately one-third of the food produced (equivalent to 1.3 billion tons of food) being wasted each year. A potential food waste recycling application is its utilization as a soil conditioner or fertilizer, whereby it increases the soil organic content and microbial biomass. This study evaluated the effectiveness of food waste as a microbial resource by analyzing the microbial community composition and isolating plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) in food waste obtained from various sources. High-throughput sequencing identified 393 bacterial operational taxonomic units in the food process waste (FPW) samples. Moreover, the results showed that Firmicutes was abundant in the waste samples, followed by Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. A total of 92 bacteria were isolated from FPW. Moreover, the cultivable strains isolated from FPW belonged to the genus Bacillus, followed by Streptomyces and Proteus. Six isolated bacteria exhibited beneficial traits, including indole acetic acid production, antifungal resistance and extracellular lysis. FPW is a valuable microbial resource for isolation of PGPB, and its use as a fertilizer may enable a reduction in chemical fertilizer usage, thereby mitigating the corresponding adverse environmental impacts on sustainable crop development.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/6/1156/pdf

Isolation and Characterization of Beneficial Bacteria from Food Process Wastes.

Rapid method for detection, quantification and measuring microbial degradation of pesticide-thiram using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC)

Plant growth-promoting fungi play an important role in development of sustainable agriculture. In the current study, 13 fungal strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of healthy Triticum aestivum (wheat) plant and screened for their indolic auxin production potential. Aspergillus flavus strain PGFW, Aspergillus niger strain BFW and Aspergillus caespitosus strain DGFW were amongst the most efficient indolic auxin-producing strains. Indolic auxins such as indole 3 acetate (IAA), indole 3 butyrate (IBA) and indole 3 propionate (IPA) are produced by fungi. The conventional method to assess the IAA production is through a spectrophotometric assay using Salkowski’s reagent, which quantifies all indolic auxins and not individual auxins. Moreover, it was also observed that the absorption maxima (λmax) of the samples, when compared to that of standard indole-3-acetic acid, showed deviation from the latter, indicative of production of a mixture of indolic derivatives by the fungi. Hence, for further profiling of these indolic compounds, high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) based protocol was standardized to precisely detect and quantify individual indolic auxins like IAA, IBA and IPA in the range of 100–1000 ng per spot. HPTLC analysis also showed that the fungal strains produce different indolic auxins in media with and without fortification of tryptophan, with the production of indolic auxins being enhanced in presence of tryptophan. Thus, this standardized HPTLC protocol is an efficient and sensitive methodology to separate and quantify the indolic derivatives.

/pdf/a-resourceful-methodology-to-profile-indolic-auxins-produced-2xm7u7o2vv.pdf

A resourceful methodology to profile indolic auxins produced by rhizo-fungi using spectrophotometry and HPTLC

Fungi are recognized to have dealings with plants by several known mechanisms, one of which is through the production of phytohormones, auxins. Indole-3-acetate (IAA), indole-3-butyrate (IBA), and indole-3-pyruvate (IPyA), i.e., indolic auxins, are most widely yield by the strains of fungi through which they interact with plants. Fungal strains produce these indolic auxins by tryptophan (Trp)-dependent and tryptophan-independent pathways. Under present study, we found Aspergillus flavus strain PGFW, Aspergillus niger strain BFW, and Aspergillus caespitosus strain DGFW as the utmost effective IAA-producing strains from the rhizosphere of well-growing wheat plant which was determined by spectrophotometric method that uses Salkowski reagent. This method though has a flaw that it is not specific to IAA but develops color by reacting with all the other indolic derivatives. We found that for the spectrophotometric method, the absorption maxima (λmax) of the mixture containing indolic compounds tend to shift when compared to pure standard. To overcome this limitation, high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)-based etiquette is technologically advanced for the first time to precisely detect and calculate the amount of IAA and IBA in the assortment of 100 to 1000 ng per spot ignoring other Trp derivatives. HPTLC analysis showed that all the three strains under current study could produce indolic auxins by Trp-dependent and Trp-independent pathways, but the amount of indolic auxins produced was enhanced in presence of Trp. These strains may act as phytoaugmentor or phytopathogen, but for their mode of action, they produce various indolic auxins which can be profiled by the novel method described in this paper.

Profiling Indolic Auxins Produced by the Strains of Aspergillus Using Novel HPTLC Technique

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A resourceful methodology to profile indolic auxins produced by rhizo-fungi using spectrophotometry and HPTLC

Profiling Indolic Auxins Produced by the Strains of Aspergillus Using Novel HPTLC Technique