pReVIously ClAssIfIed by IARC As “CARCInogenIC to humAns (gRoup 1)” And wAs deVeloped by sIx sepARAte woRkIng gRoups: phARmACeutICAls; bIologICAl Agents; ARsenIC, metAls, fIbRes, And dusts; RAdIAtIon; peRsonAl hAbIts And IndooR CombustIons; ChemICAl Agents And RelAted oCCupAtIons. thIs Volume 100f CoVeRs ChemICAl Agents And RelAted oCCupAtIons, speCIfICAlly 4-AmInobIphenyl, benzIdIne, dyes metAbolIzed to benzIdIne, 4,4’-methylenebIs(2-ChloRoAnIlIne), 2-nAphthylAmIne, oRtho-toluIdIne, AuRAmIne And AuRAmIne pRoduCtIon, mAgentA And mAgentA pRoduCtIon, benzo[A]pyRene, CoAl gAsIfICAtIon, oCCupAtIonAl exposuRes duRIng CoAl-tAR dIstIllAtIon, CoAl-tAR pItCh, Coke pRoduCtIon, untReAted oR mIldly tReAted mIneRAl oIls, shAle oIls, soot, As found In oCCupAtIonAl exposuRe of ChImney-sweeps, oCCupAtIonAl exposuRes duRIng AlumInIum pRoduCtIon, AflAtoxIns, benzene, bIs(ChloRomethyl)etheR And ChloRomethyl methyl etheR, 1,3-butAdIene, 2,3,7,8-tetRAChloRodIbenzo-pARA-dIoxIn, 2,3,4,7,8-pentAChloRodIbenzofuRAn, And 3,3’,4,4’,5-pentAChloRobIphenyl, ethylene oxIde, foRmAldehyde, sulfuR mustARd, VInyl ChloRIde, IsopRopyl AlCohol mAnufACtuRe by the stRong-ACId pRoCess, mIsts fRom stRong InoRgAnIC ACIds, oCCupAtIonAl exposuRes duRIng IRon And steel foundIng, oCCupAtIonAl exposuRe As A pAInteR, oCCupAtIonAl exposuRes In the RubbeR mAnufACtuRIng IndustRy. beCAuse the sCope of Volume 100 Is so bRoAd, Its monogRAphs ARe foCused on key InfoRmAtIon. eACh monogRAph pResents A desCRIptIon of A CARCInogenIC Agent And how people ARe exposed, CRItICAl oVeRVIews of the epIdemIologICAl studIes And AnImAl CAnCeR bIoAssAys, And A ConCIse ReVIew of the Agent’s toxICokInetICs, plAusIble meChAnIsms of CARCInogenesIs, And potentIAlly susCeptIble populAtIons, And lIfe-stAges. detAIls of the desIgn And Results of IndIVIduAl epIdemIologICAl studIes And AnImAl CAnCeR bIoAssAys ARe summARIzed In tAbles. shoRt tAbles thAt hIghlIght key Results ARe pRInted In Volume 100, And moRe extensIVe tAbles thAt InClude All studIes AppeAR on the monogRAphs pRogRAmme websIte (http://monogRAphs.IARC.fR). It Is hoped thAt thIs Volume, by CompIlIng the knowledge ACCumulAted thRough seVeRAl deCAdes of CAnCeR ReseARCh, wIll stImulAte CAnCeR pReVentIon ACtIVItIes woRldwIde, And wIll be A VAlued ResouRCe foR futuRe ReseARCh to IdentIfy otheR Agents suspeCted of CAusIng CAnCeR In humAns. D es ig n by A ude la d es m ot s

iArc monogrAphs on the evAluAtion oF cArcinogenic risks to humAns

Benbrahim-Tallaa, Lamia Baan, Robert A Grosse, Yann Lauby-Secretan, Beatrice El Ghissassi, Fatiha Bouvard, Veronique Guha, Neela Loomis, Dana Straif, Kurt News England Lancet Oncol. 2012 Jul;13(7):663-4.

/pdf/carcinogenicity-of-diesel-engine-and-gasoline-engine-2mxfn4dfec.pdf

Carcinogenicity of diesel-engine and gasoline-engine exhausts and some nitroarenes

Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) in the environment - A review.

3-nitrobenzanthrone, a potential human cancer hazard in diesel exhaust and urban air pollution: a review of the evidence Epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to diesel exhaust and urban air pollution is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. 3-Nitrobenzanthrone [3-nitro-7H-benz[de]anthracen-7-one (3-NBA)] is an extremely potent mutagen and suspected human carcinogen identified in diesel exhaust and ambient air particulate matter. The main metabolite of 3-NBA, 3-aminobenzanthrone (3-ABA), was found in the urine of salt mine workers occupationally exposed to diesel emissions, indicating that human exposure to 3-NBA due to diesel emissions can be significant and is detectable. There is clear evidence that 3-NBA is a genotoxic mutagen forming DNA adducts after metabolic activation through simple reduction of the nitro group. Several human enzymes have been shown to activate 3-NBA and its metabolites in vitro and in cells to form electrophilic arylnitrenium and rearranged carbenium ions, leading to the formation of purine adducts at the C8 and N-2 position of guanine and at the C8 and N-6 position of adenine. The predominant DNA adducts in vivo, 2-(2'-deoxyguanosin-N-2-yl)-3-aminobenzanthrone and N-(2'-deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-3-aminobenzanthrone are also the most persistent adducts in target tissue in rodents, and are most probably responsible for the induction of GC -> TA transversion mutations observed in vivo. It is concluded that these adducts not only represent premutagenic lesions in DNA but are of primary importance for the initiation of the carcinogenic process and subsequent tumour formation in target tissue. Indeed, 3-NBA is carcinogenic in rats after intratracheal instillation, inducing mainly squamous cell carcinoma in lung. The intention of this article is to provide a critical review on the potential genotoxic effects of 3-NBA on human health. However, in general, there is a need for more mechanistic studies that relate 3-NBA to all processes that are considered to orchestrate tumour development and of studies on the ability of particles to promote 3-NBA genotoxicity. Because of its widespread environmental presence, 3-NBA may represent not only an occupational health hazard but also a hazard for larger sections of the general population. For an accurate risk assessment more epidemiological studies on 3-NBA-exposed individuals and a broader monitoring of environmental levels of 3-NBA are required.

/pdf/3-nitrobenzanthrone-a-potential-human-cancer-hazard-in-1qkwgibtgq.pdf

3-Nitrobenzanthrone, a potential human cancer hazard in diesel exhaust and urban air pollution: a review of the evidence.

3-Nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA) an extremely potent mutagen and suspected human carcinogen identified in diesel exhaust and in airborne particulate matter was shown to form multiple DNA adducts in vitro and in vivo in rats. In order to investigate whether human N,O-acetyltransferases (NATs) and sulfotransferases (SULTs) contribute to the metabolic activation of 3-NBA we used a panel of newly constructed Chinese hamster lung fibroblast V79MZ derived cell lines expressing human NAT1, human NAT2 or human SULT1A1, as well as TA1538-derived Salmonella typhimurium strains expressing human NAT1 (DJ400) or human NAT2 (DJ460) and determined DNA binding and mutagenicity. The formation of 3-NBA-derived DNA adducts was analysed by (32)P-postlabelling after exposing V79 cells to 0.01 micro M 3-NBA or 0.1 micro M N-acetyl-N-hydroxy-3-aminobenzanthrone (N-Ac-N-OH-ABA), a potential metabolite of 3-NBA. Similarly up to four major and two minor adducts were detectable for both compounds, the major ones being identical to those detected previously in DNA from rats treated with 3-NBA. Comparison of DNA binding between different V79MZ derived cells revealed that human NAT2 and, to a lesser extent, human NAT1 and human SULT1A1, contribute to the genotoxic potential of 3-NBA and N-Ac-N-OH-ABA to form DNA adducts. However, the extent of DNA binding by 3-NBA was higher in almost all V79 cells at a 10-fold lower concentration than by N-Ac-N-OH-ABA, suggesting that N-Ac-N-OH-ABA is not a major intermediate in the formation of 3-NBA-derived adducts. 3-NBA showed a 3.8-fold and 16.8-fold higher mutagenic activity in Salmonella strains expressing human NAT1 and human NAT2, respectively, than in the acetyltransferase-deficient strain, whereas N-Ac-N-OH-ABA was only clearly (but weakly) mutagenic in Salmonella DJ460 expressing human NAT2. This finding suggests that N-Ac-N-OH-ABA is not a major reactive metabolite responsible for the high mutagenic potency of 3-NBA in Salmonella. Collectively our results indicate that O-acetylation and O-sulfonation by human NATs and SULTs may contribute significantly to the high mutagenic and genotoxic potential of 3-NBA. Moreover, the yet-unidentified four major 3-NBA-derived adducts may be DNA adducts without an N-acetyl group.

Metabolic activation of the environmental contaminant 3-nitrobenzanthrone by human acetyltransferases and sulfotransferase

Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic compounds in the urine of mining workers occupationally exposed to diesel exhaust

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Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic compounds in the urine of mining workers occupationally exposed to diesel exhaust