Cancer is a leading cause of death in many countries around the world. However, the efficacy of current standard treatments for a variety of cancers is suboptimal. First, most cancer treatments lack specificity, meaning that these treatments affect both cancer cells and their normal counterparts. Second, many anticancer agents are highly toxic, and thus, limit their use in treatment. Third, a number of cytotoxic chemotherapeutics are highly hydrophobic, which limits their utility in cancer therapy. Finally, many chemotherapeutic agents exhibit short half-lives that curtail their efficacy. As a result of these deficiencies, many current treatments lead to side effects, noncompliance, and patient inconvenience due to difficulties in administration. However, the application of nanotechnology has led to the development of effective nanosized drug delivery systems known commonly as nanoparticles. Among these delivery systems, lipid-based nanoparticles, particularly liposomes, have shown to be quite effective at exhibiting the ability to: 1) improve the selectivity of cancer chemotherapeutic agents; 2) lower the cytotoxicity of anticancer drugs to normal tissues, and thus, reduce their toxic side effects; 3) increase the solubility of hydrophobic drugs; and 4) offer a prolonged and controlled release of agents. This review will discuss the current state of lipid-based nanoparticle research, including the development of liposomes for cancer therapy, different strategies for tumor targeting, liposomal formulation of various anticancer drugs that are commercially available, recent progress in liposome technology for the treatment of cancer, and the next generation of lipid-based nanoparticles.

https://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/pharmrev/68/3/701.full.pdf

Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer Therapy: What Is Available and What Is Yet to Come.

Nanocarriers, due to their unique features, are of increased interest among researchers working with pharmaceutical formulations. Polymeric nanoparticles and nanocapsules, involving non-toxic biodegradable polymers, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and inorganic–organic nanomaterials, are among the most used carriers for drugs for a broad spectrum of targeted diseases. In fact, oral, injectable, transdermal-dermal and ocular formulations mainly consist of the aforementioned nanomaterials demonstrating promising characteristics such as long circulation, specific targeting, high drug loading capacity, enhanced intracellular penetration, and so on. Over the last decade, huge advances in the development of novel, safer and less toxic nanocarriers with amended properties have been made. In addition, multifunctional nanocarriers combining chemical substances, vitamins and peptides via coupling chemistry, inorganic particles coated by biocompatible materials seem to play a key role considering that functionalization can enhance characteristics such as biocompatibility, targetability, environmental friendliness, and intracellular penetration while also have limited side effects. This review aims to summarize the “state of the art” of drug delivery carriers in nanosize, paying attention to their surface functionalization with ligands and other small or polymeric compounds so as to upgrade active and passive targeting, different release patterns as well as cell targeting and stimuli responsibility. Lastly, future aspects and potential uses of nanoparticulated drug systems are outlined.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/17/9/1440/pdf

Surface Modified Multifunctional and Stimuli Responsive Nanoparticles for Drug Targeting: Current Status and Uses.

The effect of particle shape on cellular interaction and drug delivery applications of micro- and nanoparticles.

Poly-e-caprolactone (PCL) has been the subject of extensive research in the past few years. It is widely explored in drug delivery, where the development of nanomedicines for cancer, one of the maj...

Poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL), a promising polymer for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications: Focus on nanomedicine in cancer

It is well known that most particle technology studies attempting to predict secondary properties based on primary properties such as size and shape begin with particle characterization, which means the process of determining the primary properties of particles in a wide spectrum from macro to nanoscale. It is a fact that the actual shape of engineering particles used in many industrial applications or processes is neglected, as they are assumed to be “homogeneous spheres” with easily understood behavior in any application or process. In addition, it is vital to control the granular materials used in various industries or to prepare them in desired shapes, to develop better processes or final products, and to make the processes practical and economical. Therefore, this review not only covers basic shape definitions, shape characterization methods, and the effect of particle shape on industrial material properties, but also provides insight into the development of the most suitably shaped materials for specific applications or processes (from nanomaterials used in pharmaceuticals to proppant particles used in hydrocarbon production) by understanding the behavior of particles.

/pdf/a-review-of-particle-shape-effects-on-material-properties-1b6qw1xz.pdf

A Review of Particle Shape Effects on Material Properties for Various Engineering Applications: From Macro to Nanoscale

Background
Effective anticancer drug delivery to the tumor site without rapid body clearance is a prerequisite for successful chemotherapy. 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-ethanolamine-N-(methoxy[polyethyleneglycol]-2000) (DSPE-PEG2000) has been widely used in the preparation of stealth liposomes. Although PEG chains can efficiently preserve liposomes from rapid clearance by the reticuloendothelial system (RES), its application has been hindered by poor cellular uptake and unsatisfactory therapeutic effect.

/pdf/poly-ethylene-glycol-block-poly-e-caprolactone-and-2h98lyboxe.pdf

Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone)– and phospholipid-based stealth nanoparticles with enhanced therapeutic efficacy on murine breast cancer by improved intracellular drug delivery

To date, the combinational cancer therapy of anticancer and antiangiogenic agents represents a promising strategy to improve antitumor outcomes in clinics. However, combination therapy with drugs having distinct properties, such as solubility, limits the likelihood of simultaneous delivery. In our study, we aimed to develop a codelivery nanoparticulate system of hydrophilic doxorubicin (DOX) and hydrophobic itraconazole (ITZ) using liposomes coated with Pluronic® P123 (ITZ/DOX-PLip). The prepared ITZ/DOX-PLip exhibited a unimodal size distribution and high loading efficiency with sustained release profiles. Furthermore, cytotoxicity against 4T1 murine breast cancer cells and cellular uptake results revealed that the inhibitory effect of ITZ/DOX-Plip on tumor growth was superior to that of free DOX or DOX-loaded liposome (DOX-Lip), which was primarily attributed to the significantly higher intercellular DOX content. Cytotoxicity against HUVEC and wound healing tests confirmed that ITZ and ITZ formulations could inhibit the growth and migration of endothelial cells. In addition, in xenograft 4T1 bearing BALB/c mice, biodistribution experiments revealed that higher drug accumulation in tumors and decreased distribution in heart were observed for ITZ/DOX-PLip as compared to free DOX. Remarkably, ITZ/DOX-PLip significantly reduced tumor volume, tumor weight, liver metastasis and microvessel density in comparison with the same dose of ITZ injection or DOX-Lip. Overall, this Pluronic® P123 modified liposome-based codelivery system represents a promising nano-platform for combination therapy in cancers.

/pdf/co-delivery-of-doxorubicin-and-itraconazole-by-pluronic-p123-1i77rmdg1e.pdf

Co-delivery of doxorubicin and itraconazole by Pluronic® P123 coated liposomes to enhance the anticancer effect in breast cancers

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Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone)– and phospholipid-based stealth nanoparticles with enhanced therapeutic efficacy on murine breast cancer by improved intracellular drug delivery

Co-delivery of doxorubicin and itraconazole by Pluronic® P123 coated liposomes to enhance the anticancer effect in breast cancers