Advances on the circulation in the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent East China Sea (ECS) and Yellow Sea (YS) coastal waters in the recent decades (2000-2020) are synthesized in this review. The circulation over the complicated bathymetry in the region is locally driven by winds, tides, as well as riverine discharge, and is remotely influenced by shelf currents between the 50-m and 100-m isobaths through the cross-shelf exchanges. The interchange of the momentum and the freshwater pathway inside the Changjiang Estuary are jointly determined by tides and seasonally varying discharge and winds over the shelf. The buoyant waters are trapped inside the bulge that forms and expands over the shelf to the west of the 30-m isobath in the vicinity of Hangzhou Bay and the Changjiang Estuary. These buoyant waters are exported offshore by the shelf current, tidal mixing, and variations of wind patterns, forming the Changjiang River plume, which shows notable seasonality due to the reversal of both winds and shelf currents in the ECS and YS. Extensive spatial irregularities in the form of freshwater patches is present along its pathway to the Tsushima Strait in summer and to the Taiwan Strait in winter, respectively. Tides and the bathymetry irregularity have recently been found to play critical roles in determining the cross-shelf exchanges of water mass and momentum along the pathway of the ECS coastal current, and along this pathway, a year-round upslope intrusion of shelf waters appears in both summer and winter. Tides also play an important role in altering the expansion of the Changjiang River plume, cross-shelf extrusion of waters, and variation in the Yellow Sea Coastal Current over the shallow Subei Shoal.

/pdf/advances-on-coastal-and-estuarine-circulations-around-the-1f8gngvwll.pdf

Advances on Coastal and Estuarine Circulations Around the Changjiang Estuary in the Recent Decades (2000–2020)

Response of bottom hypoxia off the Changjiang River Estuary to multiple factors: A numerical study

Coastal Upwelling Combined With the River Plume Regulates Hypoxia in the Changjiang Estuary and Adjacent Inner East China Sea Shelf

Gastropods as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution in the Banyuasin estuary shrimp pond area, South Sumatra, Indonesia

The intrusion of the Kuroshio into the East China Sea (ECS) affects the development of hypoxia off the Changjiang (Yangtze) River estuary; however, quantitative analysis of its impacts is lacking. In this study, the Regional Ocean Modeling Systems (ROMS) model coupled with the Carbon, Silicate and Nitrogen Ecosystem (CoSiNE) model was used to investigate the relative importance of dissolved oxygen (DO) and different nutrients (silicate, nitrate, and phosphate) in the Kuroshio on hypoxia in the ECS. Results show that changes in DO concentrations in the Kuroshio modify the distribution and intensity of hypoxia through direct onshore transport by hydrodynamic processes. An increase in Kuroshio DO concentration by 25% or 50% would result in a decrease of the maximum hypoxia extent (MHE) in the ECS by 76% or 86%, respectively, while a 25% decrease in Kuroshio DO would increase the MHE by up to 219%. The contribution of DO in the Taiwan Strait is almost negligible. In contrast to Kuroshio DO, nutrients affect hypoxia in the ECS through onshore transport by hydrodynamic and biochemical processes. Changes in phosphate and nitrate concentrations by 25% in the Kuroshio would change the MHE by up to 30% and 18%, respectively, accompanied by apparent changes in surface chlorophyll-a concentrations. The effect of silicate on hypoxia is negligible because a 25% change in silicate concentrations in the Kuroshio would result in less than 1% change in the MHE. Our results reveal a hierarchical rank of importance for environmental variables in the Kuroshio (i.e., DO > phosphate > nitrate > silicate) in modifying the development of hypoxia in the ECS.

Effects of dissolved oxygen and nutrients from the Kuroshio on hypoxia off the Changjiang River estuary

. Multiple factors have been accused of triggering coastal
hypoxia off the Changjiang Estuary, and their interactions lead to high
yearly variation in hypoxia development time window and distribution extent. Two oceanographic cruises, conducted in July 2015 and August–September 2017,
were complemented by river discharge, circulation simulation, remotely
sensed wind, salinity and sea level anomaly data to study the dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion
off the Changjiang Estuary from synoptic to interannual timescales.
Intensification of the Chinese Coastal Current and Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW) spreading to the
south together with coastal downwelling caused by the northerly wind was
observed in the summer of 2015. This physical forcing led to a
well-ventilated area in the north and a hypoxic area of 1.3×104  km 2 in the south, while in 2017 the summer monsoon (southerly
winds) induced offshore transport in the surface layer that caused a
subsurface intrusion of Kuroshio-derived water to the shallower areas
(  m depth) in the north and upwelling in the south. Wind-driven
Ekman surface flow and reversal of the geostrophic current related to the
upwelling compelled alteration of the Chinese Coastal Current. Consequently,
intense hypoxia (DO down to 0.6 mg L −1 ) starting from 4 to 8 m depth
connected to CDW and deep water intrusion in the north and coastal hypoxia
linked to the upwelling in the south were observed in 2017. Distinct situations of stratification and DO distributions can be explained
by wind forcing and concurrent features in surface and deep layer
circulation, upwelling and downwelling events. Enhanced primary production
in the upper layer of the CDW or the upwelled
water determines the location and extent of DO depletion. Likewise, the
pycnocline created by Kuroshio subsurface water intrusion is an essential
precondition for hypoxia formation. Wind forcing largely controls the interannual change of hypoxic area
location and extent. If the summer monsoon prevails, extensive hypoxia more
likely occurs in the north. Hypoxia in the south occurs if the summer
monsoon is considerably weaker than the long-term mean.

/pdf/wind-driven-stratification-patterns-and-dissolved-oxygen-3r4cw00bnk.pdf

Wind-driven stratification patterns and dissolved oxygen depletion off the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary

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Wind-driven stratification patterns and dissolved oxygen depletion off the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary