The Internet of Things (IoT) is a megatrend that cuts across all scientific and engineering disciplines and establishes an integrating technical evolution to improve production efficiencies and daily human life. Linked machines and sensors use decision-making routines to work toward a common product or solution. Expanding this technical revolution into the value chain of complex areas such as agriculture, food production, and healthcare requires the implementation and connection of sophisticated (bio)analytical methods. Today, wearable sensors, monitors, and point-of-care diagnostic tests are part of our daily lives and improve patients' medical progression or athletes' monitoring capabilities that are already beyond imagination. Also, early contributions toward sensor networks and finally the IT revolution with wireless data collection and transmission via Bluetooth or smartphones have set the foundation to connect remote sensors and distributed analytical chemical services with centralized laboratories, cloud storage, and cloud computing. Here, we critically review those biosensor and chemosensor technologies and concepts used in an IoT setting or considered IoT-ready that were published in the period 2013-2018, while also pointing to those foundational concepts and ideas that arose over the last two decades. We focus on these sensors due to their unique ability to be remotely stationed and that easily function in networks and have made the greatest progress toward IoT integration. Finally, we highlight requirements and existing and future challenges and provide possible solutions important toward the vision of a seamless integration into a global analytical concept, which includes many more analytical techniques than sensors and includes foremost next-generation sequencing and separation principles coupled with MS detection.

A Megatrend Challenging Analytical Chemistry: Biosensor and Chemosensor Concepts Ready for the Internet of Things.

Recently, the growing use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for pesticide application has been reported against a wide range of crops with promising results in East Asian countries such as Japan, South Korea and China This UAV-based application technology for agrochemicals is considered as a high efficiency alternative to the conventional manual spray operations and a low-cost choice as compared to the classical manned aerial application However, the technology adoption rate and the designed optimal sprayer suitable for drone application for small scale farm remains at the development stage in China and also in Japan This paper reports the current status of drone pesticide application in China and makes comparisons with its neighbor countries Japan and South Korea in terms of different UAV platforms and their implementation in plant protection for different crops Challenges and opportunities for future development of UAV-based pesticide application technology are also discussed
Keywords: plant protection, UAV pesticide application, RPA spray technology, spray quality, flight control, agrochemical application
DOI: 103965/jijabe201710033248

Citation: He X K, Bonds J, Herbst A, Langenakens J Recent development of unmanned aerial vehicle for plant protection in East Asia Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2017; 10(3): 18–30

Recent development of unmanned aerial vehicle for plant protection in East Asia

Dissolved oxygen is an important index to evaluate water quality, and its concentration is of great significance in industrial production, environmental monitoring, aquaculture, food production, and other fields. As its change is a continuous dynamic process, the dissolved oxygen concentration needs to be accurately measured in real time. In this paper, the principles, main applications, advantages, and disadvantages of iodometric titration, electrochemical detection, and optical detection, which are commonly used dissolved oxygen detection methods, are systematically analyzed and summarized. The detection mechanisms and materials of electrochemical and optical detection methods are examined and reviewed. Because external environmental factors readily cause interferences in dissolved oxygen detection, the traditional detection methods cannot adequately meet the accuracy, real-time, stability, and other measurement requirements; thus, it is urgent to use intelligent methods to make up for these deficiencies. This paper studies the application of intelligent technology in intelligent signal transfer processing, digital signal processing, and the real-time dynamic adaptive compensation and correction of dissolved oxygen sensors. The combined application of optical detection technology, new fluorescence-sensitive materials, and intelligent technology is the focus of future research on dissolved oxygen sensors.

Review of Dissolved Oxygen Detection Technology: From Laboratory Analysis to Online Intelligent Detection.

Numerical modelling of temperature variations in a Chinese solar greenhouse

Ventilation optimization of solar greenhouse with removable back walls based on CFD

Numerical simulation of spreading performance and distribution pattern of centrifugal variable-rate fertilizer applicator based on DEM software

Different furrow openers are required to be evaluated for their suitability to manage rice straw for direct planting of wheat in paddy fields. This study was carried out to assess the straw-cutting ability and draft requirements of four different disc-type furrow openers (notched, toothed, smooth-edge single disc, and double disc) in no-till paddy fields. The openers were attached to an in-field traction rig equipped with S-type load cells, and tested using three operating depths of 30, 60, and 90 mm, and three traveling speeds of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 m s−1. Vertical and horizontal forces acting on the openers were observed using LabVIEW software based data acquisition system. The results of this study indicated that the furrow opener type, operating depth, and speed significantly influenced the horizontal and vertical forces, as well as straw-cutting ability of the furrow openers. The highest draft and vertical force were noted for double disc-type furrow openers. The mean straw-cutting efficiency of notched, toothed, and smooth-edge single disc and double disc furrow openers were 12.4, 46.2, 11.4, and 78.5%, respectively. The double disc furrow opener (DD) produced the lowest level of hair-pinned straw and had the highest straw-cutting efficiency with a value of 88.6% at 90 mm operating depth, and therefore had the best performance in comparison with other furrow openers.

Comparative Performance of Various Disc-Type Furrow Openers in No-Till Paddy Field Conditions

Conservation tillage is an energy efficient and low cost tillage system to improve soil environment compared with conventional tillage systems. However, the rice residue management becomes an “impossible to achieve” task due to high soil moisture content at harvest time and the thickness of rice straw. Disc type furrow openers are used for both seed drilling as well as straw cutting during no tillage sowing. A study was conducted to evaluate the draft requirement and straw cutting performances of different sized furrow openers in no-till paddy soil conditions. Double disc furrow opener was tested on an in-field traction bench for three working depths, i.e. 30, 60 and 90 mm, and three forwarding speeds, i.e. 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 m/s. The draft and vertical forces on the disc were recorded with load cells. These sensors were connected to a data acquisition system developed with hardware and software. The results revealed that the size of the furrow opener, operating depth and the forwarding speed had significant effects (P<0.05) on the horizontal and vertical forces, and the straw cutting performance. Mean values of the draft were 648.9, 737.2 and 784.6 N for the opener with diameters of 330, 450 and 600 mm respectively, and the vertical forces for similar openers were 904.7, 1553.9 and 1620.4 N, respectively. Furthermore, the mean straw cutting efficiencies for the double disc opener with diameters of 330, 450 and 600 mm were 39.36, 78.47 and 65.46%, respectively. The opener with 450 mm diameter provided higher straw cutting efficiency as compared to 600 mm diameter disc, while lowest straw cutting efficiency was observed with 330 mm diameter disc. The 450 mm diameter opener provided the highest straw cutting efficiency (88.6%) at 90 mm working depth and expressed optimum performance compared with other furrow openers.

/pdf/forces-and-straw-cutting-performance-of-double-disc-furrow-2ito2d8s34.pdf

Forces and straw cutting performance of double disc furrow opener in no-till paddy soil.

In order to reduce the application dosage of pesticides, a targeting air-assisted (TAA) sprayer was developed and tested in this study. Fruit trees were assayed by an infrared detection system to determine if the canopy needs to be sprayed. This TAA sprayer was compared with conventional air-assisted (CAA) sprayers, and the impacts of various fan speeds (0, 800 r/min, 1300 r/min, and 1800 r/min) on spray deposition, coverage, and drift amount were tested. Ponceau 2R was used as tracer to measure spray deposition under each treatment. Droplet coverage and canopy deposition were best when the CAA application fan speed was increased to 1300 r/min, but at higher fan speeds, spray deposition and coverage in canopy did not increase because extra air flow blew droplets from the ground into the air. During TAA spraying, droplet sizes increased at opening and closing moments. Optimal spray effects were achieved when the auxiliary airflow velocity was increased at a fan speed of 1800 r/min. The research provides a useful reference for the design of TAA and parameters optimization method with respect to the relationship between droplets deposition into tree canopy, ground and drift in the air.
Keywords: sprayers, infrared detectors, spray deposition, drift, fruit trees, plant protection
DOI: 10.3965/j.ijabe.20160904.1938

Citation: Qiu W, Zhao S Q, Ding W M, Sun C D, Lu J, Li Y N, et al. Effects of fan speed on spray deposition and drift for targeting air-assisted sprayer in pear orchard. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2016; 9(4): 53－62.

Effects of fan speed on spray deposition and drift for targeting air-assisted sprayer in pear orchard

Simulation analysis on characteristics of droplet deposition base on CFD discrete phase model

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